Sunday 09 June
Time Segovia Plenary Segovia Break Out El Pardo I
08:00
08:00-10:00
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B11
ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
INTRACRANIAL SRS: THE BASICS

ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
INTRACRANIAL SRS: THE BASICS

Moderators: Guilherme ESPOSITO QUERELLI (Physicist) (Brasília, Brazil), Matthew FOOTE (Deputy Director / Co-Director) (Brisbane, Australia), Crystian SARAIVA (Medical Physicist) (São Paulo, Brazil)
08:00 - 08:10 Introduction & Course Objectives. Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)
08:10 - 08:30 Principles of Radiosurgery. Laura FARISELLI (director) (Speaker, milan, Italy)
08:30 - 08:50 Radiobiology of Radiosurgery. Dennis SHRIEVE (Professor and Chair) (Speaker, NY, USA)
08:50 - 09:10 QA and Imaging. Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)
09:10 - 09:30 Imaging for Radiosurgery. Stephen HOLMES (Imaging Consultant and Conference Organizer) (Speaker, honolulu, USA)
09:00 - 10:00 Discussion.

10:00 - 10:20 COFFEE BREAK
10:20
10:20-12:00
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B13
ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
INTRACRANIAL SRS: CLINICAL INDICATIONS

ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
INTRACRANIAL SRS: CLINICAL INDICATIONS

Moderators: Julio ANTICO (Argentina), Paul SPERDUTO (Radiation Oncology) (Durham, USA), John SUH (Radiation Oncologist) (Cleveland, USA)
10:20 - 10:40 Brain Metastases. Patrick HANSSENS (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Tilburg, The Netherlands)
10:40 - 11:00 Brain Protection with Repeat SRS : Making Whole Brain Radiation Obsolete. Iris GIBBS (Professor) (Speaker, Stanford, USA)
11:00 - 11:20 Intracranial Benign Lesions. Samuel CHAO (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Cleveland, OH, USA)
11:20 - 11:40 Stereotactic Radiosurgery for AVMs. Bruce POLLOCK (Physician) (Speaker, Rochester, USA)
11:40 - 12:00 Trigeminal Neuralgia and Functional Disorders. Alessandra GORGULHO (Director) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)

12:00 - 13:00 LUNCH - Oceanico's Restaurant
13:00
13:00-14:30
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B15
ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
SBRT: THE BASICS

ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
SBRT: THE BASICS

Moderators: Francine Xavier DOS SANTOS (Medical Physicist) (porto alegre, Brazil), Uriel NOVICK (Chief Medical Physicist) (CABA, Argentina), Marta SCORSETTI (Director Department) (Rozzano-Milan, Italy)
13:00 - 13:20 Contouring. Caroline CHUNG (Associate Professor, Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
13:20 - 13:40 Treatment planning considerations for SBRT: from optimization to dose calculation. Andrea GIRARDI (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Brussels, Belgium)
13:40 - 14:00 Immobilization and Positioning Considerations. Paul MEDIN (Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Dallas, USA)
14:00 - 14:20 Motion Management Techniques. Fang-Fang YIN (Medical Physicist/Professor) (Speaker, Durham, NC, USA)
14:20 - 14:30 Discussion.

13:00-14:30
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C15
LGKS AFTERNOON SESSION - Part I
Radiosurgery - What we can expect in the future?

LGKS AFTERNOON SESSION - Part I
Radiosurgery - What we can expect in the future?

13:00 - 13:05 Welcome. Dan LEKSELL (Chairman) (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)
13:05 - 13:30 Personalized machine learning - AI based segmentation & plan generation. Kenneth LAU (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)
13:30 - 14:00 Sunnybrook approach to multiple metastases – SPARE technique and workflow. Arjun SAHGAL (Professor) (Speaker, Toronto, Canada)
14:00 - 14:30 Radiosurgery & Immunotherapy--A Good Bet? Jonathan KNISELY (Faculty) (Speaker, New York, USA)

14:30 - 14:50 COFFEE BREAK
14:50
14:50-17:00
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B17
ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
SBRT: CLINICAL INDICATIONS

ISRS SRS/SBRT EDUCATIONAL COURSE
SBRT: CLINICAL INDICATIONS

Moderators: Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Samuel RYU (Professor) (Stony Brook, NY, USA), Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Madrid, Spain)
14:50 - 15:10 Lung. Ben SLOTMAN (Professor) (Speaker, AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands)
15:10 - 15:30 The evolving role of SBRT in the management of liver metastases. Marta SCORSETTI (Director Department) (Speaker, Rozzano-Milan, Italy)
15:30 - 15:50 Prostate SBRT. Patrick KUPELIAN (Professor) (Speaker, Palo Alto, USA)
15:50 - 16:10 Spine. Arjun SAHGAL (Professor) (Speaker, Toronto, Canada)
16:10 - 16:30 Oligometastases. Rupesh KOTECHA (Radiation Oncologist and Chief of Radiosurgery) (Speaker, Miami, USA)
16:30 - 16:50 Other and Emerging Indications. Lauren HENKE (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, St. Louis, USA)
16:50 - 17:00 Discussion.

14:50-18:00
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C17
LGKS AFTERNOON SESSION - Part II
Radiosurgery - What we can expect in the future?

LGKS AFTERNOON SESSION - Part II
Radiosurgery - What we can expect in the future?

14:50 - 15:20 Increased visualization in CBCT imaging – How far can we get? Kenneth LAU (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)
15:20 - 15:50 MR guided RT with Unity – Potential applications and benefits. Caroline CHUNG (Associate Professor, Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
15:05 - 16:10 Foresee outcome using pathology, blood biomarkers, genomics & radiomics. Hakan NORDSTROM (Physicist) (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)
16:10 - 16:40 Radiosurgery for OCD and major depression. Antonio Carlos LOPES (Collaborating Professor) (Speaker, São Paulo, Brazil)
16:40 - 17:10 What can we learn from dose planning comparison studies? Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)
17:10 - 17:20 Next generation inverse planner. Bjorn SOMELL (Product Manager Treatment Planning) (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)
17:20 - 17:30 Intuitive interactive inverse planning for Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Speaker, Lausanne, Switzerland)
17:30 - 17:55 Fast and comprehensive plan adaptation. Hakan NORDSTROM (Physicist) (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)
17:55 - 18:00 Concluding remarks. Dan LEKSELL (Chairman) (Speaker, Stockholm, Sweden)

17:00
18:00
18:00-19:00
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A18
OPENING LECTURES

OPENING LECTURES

18:00 - 18:05 Welcome By Antonio De Salles and Brazil-Latin American Presentation Congress Chairman. Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)
18:05 - 18:25 Welcome and Lecture from Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications - MCTIC. Marcello MORALES (Speaker, Brasilia, Brazil)
18:00 - 19:00 Define your Brand. Edmour SAIANI (Speaker, Brazil)
18:00 - 19:00 Words of Welcome. Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)
18:00 - 19:00 Words of Logistics. Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)

19:00 - 21:00 OPENING RECEPTION - EXHIBITION AREA
Monday 10 June
Time Segovia Plenary Segovia Break Out El Pardo I
07:30
07:30-09:00
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A21
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
ISRS GUIDELINES OVERVIEW

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
ISRS GUIDELINES OVERVIEW

Moderators: Randy JENSEN (Professor) (Salt Lake City, USA), Daniel PAZ (Brazil), Arjun SAHGAL (Professor) (Toronto, Canada)
07:30 - 07:40 ISRS Guidelines for Multiple Brain Metastases. Steve BRAUNSTEIN (Faculty) (Speaker, San Francisco, USA)
Antonio DE SALLES, Laura FARISELLI, Marc LEVIVIER, Ian PADDICK, Bruce POLLOCK, Jean REGIS, Jason SHEEHAN, John SUH, Shoji YOMO, Lijun Ma
07:40 - 07:50 Technological Considerations for Small Brain Metastases. Alexis DIMITRIADIS (Physicist) (Speaker, London, Austria)
Antonio DE SALLES, Laura FARISELLI, Marc LEVIVIER, Lijun MA, Bruce POLLOCK, Jean REGIS, Jason SHEEHAN, John SUH, Shoji YOMO, Ian Paddick
07:50 - 08:00 #17901 - Stereotactic radiosurgery for post-operative metastatic surgical cavities : International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) practice guideline.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for post-operative metastatic surgical cavities : International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) practice guideline.

The historical standard of care in patients who have undergone surgical resection of brain metastases is whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) based on data that resection alone is associated with high rates of local recurrence.  Unfortunately, WBRT is associated with long term cognitive toxicity and as such SRS to the resection cavity has been increasingly utilized.  As part of the ISRS Guideline Committee, the purpose of this project is to summarize the current literature for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for post-operative brain metastases resection cavities.  Medline and Embase databases were utilized to search for manuscripts reporting outcomes following SRS for post-operative brain metastases tumor bed resection cavities with a search end date of July 20, 2018.  Prospective studies, consensus guidelines, and retrospective series that included exclusively post-operative brain metastases, had at minimum 100 patients were considered eligible. Embase search revealed a total of 157 manuscripts of which 77 were selected for full text screening. Pubmed search revealed a total of 55 manuscripts of which 23 were selected for full text screening.  After excluding articles that did not meet eligibility criteria or present data specific for resection cavity SRS as well as eliminating duplicates, a total of 12 articles were deemed appropriate for inclusion.  Specifically, results of 9 retrospective series, a single phase II prospective study, 3 randomized controlled trials, and a consensus contouring manuscript were included.  Overall, these data suggest that SRS to brain metastases resection cavities is associated with excellent local control as high as 91%.  Randomized data suggests improved local control with SRS compared to observation and improved cognitive outcomes compared to WBRT.  Toxicity of SRS in the post-operative setting were limited, although development of leptomeningeal disease was reported to be higher than 10% in the 5 studies in which it was investigated.  To conclude,  SRS for post-operative brain metastases resection cavities demonstrates excellent local control and low toxicity.  Future investigations aiming to reduce the risk of leptomeningeal disease will be important. 


Kristin REDMOND (Baltimore, MD, USA), Arjun SAHGAL
08:00 - 08:10 #17541 - Stereotactic radiosurgery for post-operative spinal metastases: International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) practice guideline.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for post-operative spinal metastases: International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) practice guideline.

Objective: Spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is increasingly utilized as a treatment option for patients after surgery for spinal metastatic disease. The purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy and toxicity of spine SBRT post-operatively as well as to determine the surgical and radiosurgical techniques most commonly reported in the literature.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and Embase according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Keywords used included “postoperative spine radiosurgery”, “postoperative spine SBRT”, “postoperative spine stereotactic body radiotherapy” and “postoperative spine stereotactic body radiation therapy”.

Results: A total of 557 articles were identified, of which 54 were selected for in-depth review. 18 publications met all of the inclusion criteria of which 8 were retrospective, 4 were retrospective of prospective databases, 3 were prospective, 2 were phase I/II studies and 1 had a mixed design of phase I/II study and retrospective patients. A total of 665 spinal segments were treated across these studies. In the 9 studies that reported it 1yr local control ranged from 70% to 100%. 13 studies commented on toxicity and only one patient was documented with myelopathy of a previously irradiated spinal segment retreated with post-operative spine SBRT. Guidelines based on this systematic review are in development.

Conclusion: Spine SBRT is a safe and effective treatment option for patients post-surgery and can be considered in select cases based on mostly low-quality data.


Salman FARUQI (Calgary, Canada), Arjun SAHGAL, Laura FARISELLI, Marc LEVIVIER, Lijun MA, Ian PADDICK, Bruce POLLOCK, Jean RÉGIS, Jason SHEEHAN, John SUH, Shoji YOMO, Antonio DE SALLES
08:10 - 08:20 #17635 - a21-5 Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spetzler Grade I and II AVM: Systematic Review for the Formation of International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) Practice Guideline.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spetzler Grade I and II AVM: Systematic Review for the Formation of International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) Practice Guideline.

Background: The role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of Spetzler-Martin Grade I and II arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is controversial, with no consensus guidelines available to inform treatment recommendations.

Objective: Systematic literature review for development of objective SRS practice guidelines.

Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were employed. We searched Medline, Embase, and Scopus, 1986-2018, identifying English language publications reporting post-SRS outcomes in ≥10 Grade I-II patients with median follow-up ≥24 months. Primary endpoints were AVM obliteration and hemorrhage; publications not reporting both were excluded. Initial search identified 447 candidate records; 71 underwent full-text screening; 8 publications reporting 1102 patients were included.

Results: Of 1102 AVM, 836 were Grade II. Obliteration was achieved in 884 (80%) at a median 37 months; 66 hemorrhages (6%) occurred during a median follow-up of 68 months. Excellent outcomes were achieved in 743 of 952 patients with requisite data reported (78%). Among 680 Grade II lesions with Spetzler-Martin parameters reported, 377 were located in eloquent brain, and 178 had deep venous drainage, indicating that 82% of Grade II AVM treated with SRS had a high risk feature.

Conclusions: SRS is a safe, effective treatment for Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM, and should be considered front-line for many low-grade AVM—in particular, those with eloquent location or deep venous drainage. Systematic selection bias appears to have influenced referral patterns, with favorable AVM typically recommended for resection, while lesions that carry a higher resection risk—and a lower probability of obliteration—are disproportionately referred for SRS.


Christopher GRAFFEO (Oklahoma City, USA), Arjun SAHGAL, Antonio DE SALLES, Laura FARISELLI, Marc LEVIVIER, Lijun MA, Ian PADDICK, Jean REGIS, Jason SHEEHAN, John SUH, Shoji YOMO, Bruce POLLOCK
08:20 - 08:30 #17639 - Stereotactic radiosurgery for non-functioning pituitary adenomas: International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) practice guideline.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for non-functioning pituitary adenomas: International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) practice guideline.

Purpose/Objectives: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become an established treatment for patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs) in the definitive, adjuvant, or recurrent setting. This review of the published literature regarding patient selection, dose and fractionation, and treatment-related outcomes and toxicities was performed to develop consensus guidelines. 

 

Materials/Methods: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of the published English literature was performed using articles describing clinical outcomes of at least 10 patients with NFAs published prior to May 2018 using the Medline database and the following key words: “radiosurgery” and “pituitary” and/or “adenoma.”

 

Results: Of the 678 abstracts reviewed, a total of 35 full-text articles were included in this analysis describing the clinical outcomes of 2671 patients treated between 1971-2017. All included studies were retrospective. A majority of patients had undergone surgery (Median: 95%, Range: 0-100%) prior to SRS, and a small proportion had received prior radiotherapy (Range: 0-17%). The median tumor volume at the time of SRS was 3.5 cc. Single fraction treatment was used in 27 studies (Median dose: 15 Gy, Range: 5-35 Gy) and hypofractionated treatments were used in 8 studies (Median total dose: 21 Gy, Range: 12-25 Gy delivered in 3-5 fractions). Tumor control was favorable across studies (Range: 90-100%). Post-treatment hypopituitarism was the most common treatment-related toxicity observed (Range: 0-32%), whereas visual dysfunction or cranial nerve injury rarely occurred (Range: 0-7%).

 

Conclusions: Based on these retrospective studies, practice guidelines were developed with consensus from the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society. We conclude SRS is an effective treatment option for patients with NFAs with limited treatment-related toxicities.


Rupesh KOTECHA (Miami, USA), Arjun SAHGAL, Antonio DE SALLES, Laura FARISELLI, Bruce POLLOCK, Marc LEVIVIER, Lijun MA, Ian PADDICK, Jean REGIS, Jason SHEEHAN, Shoji YOMO, John SUH
08:30 - 08:40 #17725 - a21-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery for secretory pituitary adenomas: systematic review and development of ISRS guidelines.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for secretory pituitary adenomas: systematic review and development of ISRS guidelines.

A systematic review was performed to provide objective evidence on the use of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of secretory pituitary adenomas and develop consensus guidelines recommendations.

The authors performed a systematic review of English-language literature up until June 2018 using the Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases. The following MeSH terms were used to search for relevant articles: (Gamma Knife OR Radiosurgery OR LINAC OR Cyberknife) AND (pituitary adenoma OR Cushing’s disease OR acromegaly OR prolactinoma). The initial search provided 1045 articles whose title and abstract were screened, retaining 134 articles. Full text screening of those articles was performed, using the following inclusion criteria: single institution study, more than 10 patients reported, both tumor and endocrine control data reported. Proton SRS, FSRT and studies only reporting Nelson syndromes were excluded. In cases of multiple studies from the same institution, only the most recent was included. 

A total of 49 articles were selected for the analysis. All studies were retrospective case series. Many studies reported the outcomes of all pituitary adenomas treated at that institution. From those, only the data reporting the outcomes of Cushing’s disease, acromegaly or prolactinoma was extracted.

Data analysis is ongoing at the moment and will be completed at the time of the meeting.


David MATHIEU (Sherbrooke, Canada)
08:40 - 08:50 #16742 - Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial, non-cavernous sinus, benign meningiomas: international society of stereotactic radiosurgery (isrs), practice guideline.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial, non-cavernous sinus, benign meningiomas: international society of stereotactic radiosurgery (isrs), practice guideline.

Objective. Radiosurgery (RS) for benign intracranial meningiomas is increasingly being used. Considering this, the aim of the present review is to define practice guidelines to support the clinicians in the radiosurgical management of such lesions.

Methods. Articles published from January 1964 to April 2018 were systemically reviewed. Three electronic databases, PubMed, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Central Register were searched. Publications in English about benign meningiomas’ radiosurgery.

Results. Of 2844 studies, 306 studies had a full text evaluation and 42 studies met the above mentioned criteria and were then include in the present analysis. All but two are retrospective studies. The 10 local control (LC) range from 85 to 100%. The ten years progression free survival (PFS) range from 52 to 97 %. The median post-RS symptoms worsening rate is near 9 %. The most common treatment dose range from 12 to 15 Gy delivered in a single fraction.

Conclusions. The current literature lacks of level I and II evidences. Despite this, due to the large consensus of level III evidences, sRS represents an effective treatment paradigm for benign intracranial meningioma (recommendation level II). The ideal treatment time has to be better investigated as well as the potential advantages of the mRS.


Marcello MARCHETTI (Milano, Italy), Arjun SAHGAL, Antonio DE SALLES, Marc LEVIVIER, Lijun MA, Ian PADDICK, Bruce POLLOCK, Jean REGIS, Jason SHEEHAN, John SUH, Shoji YOMO, Laura FARISELLI

07:30-09:00
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B21
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
SBRT IN OPERABLE LUNG

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
SBRT IN OPERABLE LUNG

Moderators: Hilde KLEIVEN (radiation oncologist) (Canberra, Australia), Patrick KUPELIAN (Professor) (Palo Alto, USA), Lisa MORIKAWA (Brazil)
07:30 - 07:48 Patient Selection. Simon CHENG (Assistant Professor) (Speaker, New York, USA)
07:48 - 08:06 Motion Management. Anderson PASSARO (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, São Paulo, Brazil)
08:06 - 08:24 Evidence Review. Jin Ho KIM (Associate Clinical Professor) (Speaker, Seoul, Korea)
08:24 - 08:42 Resection of Thoracic Metastases. Rui HADDAD (Speaker, Brazil)
08:42 - 09:00 MR Guided SBRT for Lung Tumors. Ben SLOTMAN (Professor) (Speaker, AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands)

07:30-09:00
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C21
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
MACHINE LEARNING AND AI IN SRS/SBRT

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
MACHINE LEARNING AND AI IN SRS/SBRT

Moderators: Guilherme BULGRAEN DOS SANTOS (Brazil), Renan SERRANO RAMOS (Brazil), Fang-Fang YIN (Medical Physicist/Professor) (Durham, NC, USA)
07:30 - 07:52 The Potential of AI in SBRT. Fang-Fang YIN (Medical Physicist/Professor) (Speaker, Durham, NC, USA)
07:52 - 08:14 Inverse Treatment Planning. Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Speaker, Lausanne, Switzerland)
08:14 - 08:36 Dose Painting/Delivery Automation. Richard POPPLE (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Birmingham, USA)
08:36 - 09:00 Automatic Segmentation of Structures in the Brain. Crystian SARAIVA (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, São Paulo, Brazil)

09:00
09:00-09:05
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A21b
OPENING ADDRESS

OPENING ADDRESS

Speakers: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)

09:05
09:05-10:20
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A22
PLENARY SESSION
WHAT IS REALLY HAPPENING WHEN WE TREAT?

PLENARY SESSION
WHAT IS REALLY HAPPENING WHEN WE TREAT?

Moderators: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), John P. KIRKPATRICK (Professor - Radiation Oncology & Neurosurgey) (Durham, NC, USA), Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (London, United Kingdom)
09:05 - 09:20 #17820 - A22-1 Basic radiobiology of high-dose SBRT and SRS.
Basic radiobiology of high-dose SBRT and SRS.

We have observed that, in experimental tumors, significant additional tumor cell death occurs during several days after irradiation with >10 Gy, most likely due to the radiation-induced vascular destruction. We then found that treating the host animals with hypoxic cytotoxins, such as PR-104, further increases death or residual hypoxic cells. We recently observed that fractions of the surviving hypoxic cells in tumors after 10-20 Gy irradiations undergo reoxygenation in 2-5 days. It appeared that the oxygen supply via a small proportion of blood vessels that escaped total occlusion by irradiation together with the significant decrease in oxygen consumption induced the reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor cells. In recent years, numerous reports indicated that high-dose irradiation evoked anti-tumor immunity by increasing the cytotoxic T-cell population, and that inhibition of anti-immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 and PD-1 improved the anti-cancer immunity.  On the other hand, in our recent study, high-dose irradiation significantly upregulated HIF-1α and increased the anti- immune PD-L1 and PD-1. It has been known that HIF-1α directly controls the PD-L1: PD-1 axis. We have previously reported that anti-diabetes drug metformin effectively suppressed  the radiation-induced upregulation of  HIF-1α. Together, it appeared that HIF-1 α inhibitors such as metformin may block the radiation-induced upregulation of the anti-immune PD-L1: PD-1 axis thereby they increase the antitumor immunity.

In summary, (i) Additional tumor cell death due to vascular injury plays an important role in the response of tumors to high-dose SBRT/SRS. (ii) The efficacy of SBRT/SRS may be markedly improved by increasing the post-irradiation death of hypoxic cells with hypoxia cytotoxin. (iii) Allowing 2-5 days between irradiations in fractionated SBRT/SRS may render hypoxic tumor cells reoxygenated. (iii) Suppressing the radiation-induced upregulation of PD-L1: PD1 axis using HIF-1α inhibitors may significantly improve the anti-cancer immunity after SRRT/SRS.  


Chang SONG (Minneapolis, USA), Kathryn E. DUSENBERY, Stephanie TEREZAKIS, L. Chinsoo CHO
09:20 - 09:35 The Concept of BED in SRS. John HOPEWELL (invited speaker) (Speaker, Oxford, United Kingdom)
09:35 - 09:50 Can Radiobiology help us further refine SRS treatments? John P. KIRKPATRICK (Professor - Radiation Oncology & Neurosurgey) (Speaker, Durham, NC, USA)
09:50 - 10:05 Imaging of Radiation Necrosis. Yael MARDOR (Research) (Speaker, Ramat-Gan, Israel)
10:05 - 10:20 Oncogenesis & Stereotactic Radiation: What We Know. Jonathan KNISELY (Faculty) (Speaker, New York, USA)

10:20 - 10:45 COFFEE BREAK - POSTERS & EXHIBITION
10:45
10:45-12:00
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A24
PARALLEL SESSION
MR GUIDED SRS/SBRT: CURRENT STATE & FUTURE DIRECTIONS

PARALLEL SESSION
MR GUIDED SRS/SBRT: CURRENT STATE & FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Moderators: John ADLER (neurosurgery) (San Francisco, USA), Patrick KUPELIAN (Professor) (Palo Alto, USA), Ben SLOTMAN (Professor) (AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands)
10:45 - 11:00 MR GUIDED SRS/SBRT: Technical Overview. Ben SLOTMAN (Professor) (Speaker, AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands)
11:00 - 11:15 Realtime Adaptive Therapy: Workflow Considerations. Frank LAGERWAARD (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
11:15 - 11:30 Beyond Anatomical Imaging: The Promise and Challenges. Caroline CHUNG (Associate Professor, Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
11:30 - 11:45 Clinical Indications & Results. Lauren HENKE (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, St. Louis, USA)
11:45 - 12:00 Clinical Trials and Research Overview. Arjun SAHGAL (Professor) (Speaker, Toronto, Canada)

10:45-12:00
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B24
Oral Session
FUNCTIONAL #1 - OCD/PAIN

Oral Session
FUNCTIONAL #1 - OCD/PAIN

Moderators: Eduardo ALHO (Neurosurgeon) (São Paulo, Brazil), Carlos CIAROLO (Argentina), Jean REGIS (PROFESSEUR) (MARSEILLE, France)
10:45 - 10:55 #17863 - b24-1 Deterministic Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography and Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy for Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b24-1 Deterministic Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography and Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy for Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: The role of tractography in Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy (GVC) is unclear. Herein we describe spatial distributions of medial-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral-OFC fibers through the anterior limb of internal capsule (ALIC), analyzing quantitative tractography parameters, differentiating OCD individuals from controls.

METHODS: Five Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) patients underwent GVC (single-shot 150Gy, 4mm collimators) between 2013-2016. Five controls were randomly selected matching factors such as age, sex and DTI protocol (Diffusion-sensitizing gradient-encoding was applied in 33 directions by using a diffusion-weighted factor b=750s/mm2). Diffusion tensor image (DTI) tractography was reconstructed using Brainlab Elements (Brainlab AG, Feldkirchen, Germany). Deterministic fiber tracking (fractional anisotropy=0.15, minimum fiber-length=50 mm, maximal angulation=13) was used in all cases to reconstruct fibers from OFC.

RESULTS: Five OCD patients and five controls were included, mean age respectively, 28 ± 4.4 and 31 ± 5.8 (p=0,33). Four (80%) were men in each group. Twenty hemispheres were analyzed. Medial-OFC fibers are localized more ventral in the ALIC than lateral-OFC fibers in all hemispheres, the level of intersection and exact topography of fiber bundles are variable among individuals, especially among controls where intersection seems more prominent.  Medial- and lateral-OFC fiber tracts from right control hemispheres have lower volume than medial and lateral counterparts of OCD patients (p=0,003 and p=0,046, respectively). On the left side, only control lateral-OFC fiber bundles have lower volume than OCD patients. There are no significant differences between OCD and control concerning mean fractional anisotropy and mean fiber length.

CONCLUSIONS: Medial and lateral OFC tract fibers have a general standard distribution, lateral-OFC more dorsal than medial-OFC fibers. There are differences between OCD and control patients regarding fiber tracts volume, supporting OCD fiber tracking singularities justifying studies to identify specific targets based on DTI tractography. This needs to be validated in large clinical series.


Bruno FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA SANTOS (Aracaju, Brazil), Alessandra AUGUSTA GORGULHO, Rafael COSTA LIMA MAIA, Antonio CARLOS LOPES, Crystian WILIAN CHAGAS SARAIVA, Anderson MARTINS PASSARO, Euripedes CONSTANTINO MIGUEL, Antônio AFONSO FERREIRA DE SALLES
10:55 - 11:05 #17837 - b24-2 Tractography-based targeting of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive compulsive disorder.
b24-2 Tractography-based targeting of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for obsessive compulsive disorder.

Objectives

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is refractory to conventional therapies in 10% of the cases, requiring procedural interventions. In a recent meta-analytic study, our group found superiority of neuroablation procedures (i.e. capsulotomy) over deep brain stimulation. Here, we (1) use ventral capsule-ventral striatum (VC/VS) probabilistic tractography to optimize targeting for neuroablation and (2) merge our tractography results to postoperative images of our gamma-knife capsulotomy patients.

Methods

Probabilistic tractography was used to analyze diffusion MRI from 40 healthy Human Connectome Project subjects to assess which portion of the VC/VS has higher streamline probability to brain regions thought to mediate obsessions, compulsions, and other motivated behaviors, namely the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), insula, amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC, divided in middle and superior frontal gyri) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The VC/VS was used as seed, and each region of interest (ROI) as target. A tractography-based atlas of the VC/VS was derived from our results for targeting purposes. Our atlas was overlaid to the post-operative MRI images of non-responders as well as a responder treated with gamma-knife capsulotomy.

Results

Probabilistic tractography allowed identification of subregion-specific VC/VS connections. Subregions were visualized within the human VC/VS according to its streamline probability to either the vmPFC, amygdala, insula, hippocampus, OFC, dlPFC, or IFG. The dorsal-most VC region presented high streamline probability to these ROIs, except middle frontal gyrus, and this pattern was similar in the ventral VS. Notably, post-procedure imaging of responders revealed that incorporation of this dorsal-most VC subregion was required. Conversely, the ventral-most VC and dorsal VS presented lower streamline probability to these ROIs, and non-responders received a single shot targeting this ventral-most VC.

Conclusions

Probabilistic tractography allows targeting connections relevant to OCD within the VC/VS. Poorer outcomes occurred when gamma-knife failed to target dorsal VC connections. Augmenting capsulotomy with ventral VS targeting warrants further investigation. We will leverage this methodology in trials using radiosurgery and high-intensity focused ultrasound.


Daniel ALVES NEIVA BARBOSA (Stanford, USA), Alessandra A. GORGULHO, Bruno F. O. SANTOS, Rafael C. L. MAIA, Antônio C. LOPES, Eurípedes MIGUEL, Jennifer MCNAB, Sameer SHETH, Antônio A. F. DE SALLES, Casey HALPERN
11:05 - 11:15 #17834 - b24-3 Asymmetries in Bilateral Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
b24-3 Asymmetries in Bilateral Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

Introduction: Despite of both hemispheres being treated in the same day under identical protocol, Gamma-Knife Capsulotomy (GKC) lesions are asymmetrical in the same patient.

Objective: Evaluate lesion volume discrepancies between hemispheres after GKC for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Methodology: Eight OCD-patients were treated from Dec/2014 to Oct/2017 receiving bilateral ventral-GKC (Perfexion, Elekta AB, Sweden). Treatment protocol was 150Gy delivered with a 4mm collimator. Six patients were complemented with a more dorsal GKC 14 to 27 months later. T1-MRIs were used for lesion-volume calculations (Elements®, Brainlab, Feldkirchen). Twelve-months average reduction in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scores was 5.6 %, none achieved the expected 35% YBOCS reduction. Post–GKR MRIs were analyzed, 2 patients didn’t reach 12 months follow-up, 3 had a 2nd MRI between 7-16 months apart initial imaging. Final sample was 6 patients, 9 MRI’s and 18 lesion-volumes.

Results: Hemispheres had same treatment time, target definition and GKC parameters. The interval between first MRI and ventral-GKC was 12-21months, average 14.5months. Lesion-volumes were 0.01-0.13cm³, average: 0.045cm³. The right-side lesion was larger, average: 0.05cm³ in four cases compared to left, average: 0.03cm³. Asymmetries were 40%-500%, average: 228%. Three patients were treated first on the right side. There was no correlation between the initially treated hemisphere and lesion-volume. All lesion-volumes reduced later, range: 14.3%-100%; one disappeared. At mean 22months post-GKC lesion-volumes ranged from zero to 0.06cm³, average: 0.02cm³. The initial reported asymmetry persisted. Average volume difference was 0.023 cm³, range: 100-200%. These single isocenter lesion-volumes were insufficient to achieve the expected clinical outcomes.

Conclusion: Asymmetry was noticed in all cases during the 2-years post-GKC. Inter-hemispheric discrepancies became less prominent as the final volume established. The causes of these discrepancies are poorly understood. Larger lesions and/or in more strategic locations in the internal-capsule appear necessary for substantial decreases in YBOCS.


Rafael COSTA LIMA MAIA (São Paulo, Brazil), Antonio DE SALLES, Bruno FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA SANTOS, Antônio CARLOS LOPES, Marcelo CAMARGO BATISTUZZO, Crystian WILIAN CHAGAS SARAIVA, Anderson MARTINS PASSARO, Euripedes CONSTANTINO MIGUEL, Alessandra GORGULHO
11:15 - 11:25 #17833 - b24-4 TREATMENT IMPROVEMENT FOLLOWING SINGLE-SHOT GAMMA VENTRAL CAPSULOTOMY FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER.
b24-4 TREATMENT IMPROVEMENT FOLLOWING SINGLE-SHOT GAMMA VENTRAL CAPSULOTOMY FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER.

Background:

Treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a precise indication for Gamma Knife radiosurgery, using an approach named Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy (GVC). A prior study suggested that bilateral single-shot (ss) GVC could be as efficacious as double-shot targets, but safer. In our report, we describe symptoms changes for our patients that received ssGVC. 

Methods:

Refractory OCD patients (n=5) received bilateral ssGVC (150 Gy, targeted at the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule, with 4 mm collimator at each hemisphere). Subjects who showed to be unresponsive to ssGVC (after a minimum follow-up of 12 months) were allowed to receive additional dorsal lesions. Longitudinal assessments with psychiatric rating scales were repeated along the study.

Results:

For ssGVC, the median reductions of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores after 12 months and 20 months of follow-up were, respectively, 13.5% and 8.1% only. There were no treatment responders. All subjects were submitted to retreatment, which consisted on adding an adjacent dorsal shot to the initial ventral one. After second shot, symptoms scores decreased by 24.1% in a median follow-up of 15 months, and two patients became partial responders. No severe or permanent side effects were described. 

Conclusion:

In this report, single-shot GVC did not show treatment efficacy in OCD. Furthermore, only the addition of adjacent dorsal shots contributed to higher rates of symptom improvement. However, treatment response remained sub-optimal in comparison to our prior cohort results, using the double shot approach. Until the last follow-up assessment of this cohort of patients, GVC showed to be safe.


Antônio CARLOS LOPES (São Paulo, Brazil), Stephanie KASABKOJIAN, Antônio DE SALLES, Alessandra GORGULHO, Marcelo BATISTUZZO, Marcelo HOEXTER, Marinês JOAQUIM, Maria COPETTI, Juliete MELO DINIZ, Nicole MCLAUGHLIN, Benjamin GREENBERG, Georg NORÉN, Eurípedes MIGUEL
11:25 - 11:35 #16764 - b24-5 Intracranial radiosurgery in refractory oncological and non-oncological pain.
b24-5 Intracranial radiosurgery in refractory oncological and non-oncological pain.

Introduction.

We present a series of 17 patients that have been treated with radiosurgical hypophysectomy for medically refractory oncological pain, and patients that were treated via medial radiosurgical thalamotomy for refractory trigeminal neuralgia pain, using a Rotating Gamma Ray Unit.

Radiosurgical technique.

Stereotactic frame was placed under local anesthesia, images were acquired with a 1.5 tesla MRI T1MPR 1mm slices of the zone of interest hypophysis, brainstem, optic apparatus, and thalamus region for thalamotomy. For hypophysectomy procedure a single 8mm shot was placed in the neurohypophysis and a prescription dose of 150 Gy was delivered. In the cases of medial thalamotomy a 4 mm shot was placed 4 mm anterior to PC (Y) and 4 to 6 mm lateral to the thalamic border (X) and 3 to 5 mm cephalic in Z, the prescription dose was 140 Gy.

Patient series and results.

Hypophysectomy.

11 patients have been treated thus far, follow up has been 106 days on average until the death of the patient (14-393). Positive pain response (VAS of 5 or more) was 81.8% 9/11 patients. Median VAS 3 (1-4) from the scale of 10 pretreatment. Time to response 4.8 days. No complications to report.

Medial Thalamotomy.

6 patients have been treated thus far, on average follow up has been 32 weeks (1-84), 1 patient died at 4 weeks of unrelated causes with a 70% response to his pain. Average VAS is 2.4 (1-4) for the whole series, response has been 100%. Average time to sustained response (more than 15 days) is 4.8 weeks (1-10), there are no complications to report. 3 (50%) patients recurred, one at 24 months with full installment of her pain, the two others had an 80% response in VAS at at week 20 and 16 all though pain remains in 6 in one and 10 in the other.

Conclusion.

Hypophysectomy for alleviating pain in oncological terminal patients has proven to be effective and safe. Medial thalamotomy for “central” facial pain is effective and safe although lasting effect and recurrence are yet unknown.


Eduardo LOVO (San Salvador, El Salvador), Fidel CAMPOS, Victor CACEROS, William REYES, Claudia CRUZ, Juan ARIAS ROSA
11:35 - 11:45 #16940 - b24-6 Biologically effective dose (BED) is a stronger predictor compared with the dose in classical trigeminal neuralgia treated with Gamma Knife surgery.
b24-6 Biologically effective dose (BED) is a stronger predictor compared with the dose in classical trigeminal neuralgia treated with Gamma Knife surgery.

Object:To determine the impact of the biologically effective dose (BED) on the clinical outcome for cases of classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN) treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS), as compared with the physical prescription dose delivered over variable overall treatment times. 

Methods:Between July 1992 and November 2010, 408 CTN cases, with more than one-year follow-up, had the appropriate clinical and dosimetric (including BED) data available for analysis. The median follow-up period was 43 months (12-156.7 months). The median BED was 2243.95 Gy2.47 (mean 2232.7 Gy2.47; range 1539.4 – 2665.5 Gy2.47, showing a 75 % increase). The impact of these BED values on patient outcome were analyzed and compared with the effect of the total physical prescribed dose alone. 

Results:No significant increase in the initial pain cessation was associated with escalating BED values. However, the onset of new hypoesthesia was highly correlated with BED. For this specific outcome, BED was a strong predictor of the risk of this effect, while the physical prescribed dose was not. Maintenance of pain relief up to 2 years after GKS was again not associated with higher BED values. The data suggested that a BED value of around 1820 Gy2.47represented a good therapeutic windowsince this was associated with a ~ 5% risk of hypoesthesia, while maintaining long term pain freedom relief rate of ~90%. 

Conclusion:Dose prescription has been classically considered the best predictor for efficacy (and in some cases for toxicity). In the present analysis,physically prescribed dose showed no effect on pain relief or hypoesthesia rates. BED showed no difference for immediate or long-term pain relief, which was maintained at a high level of ~ 90%. However, the analysis revealed an increase of hypoesthesia rates for higher BED values.


Constantin TULEASCA (Lausanne, Switzerland), Ian PADDICK, John HOPEWELL, William T MILLAR, Hussein HAMDI, Marc LEVIVIER, Jean RÉGIS
11:45 - 11:55 #17724 - b24-7 Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis: a matched case-control study.
b24-7 Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis: a matched case-control study.

Context

The efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is well established, with a meta-analysis of 65 studies reporting a rate of pain-free response of 85%. The benefit of SRS for TN in the setting of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains uncertain. Such cases are often excluded from TN SRS studies and are felt to have a less favorable outcome. We performed a case-control study of patients who underwent SRS for MS-associated vs. idiopathic TN to compare pain evolution in both entities and identify risk factors for failure.

Methods

Patients treated by SRS for TN secondary to MS were retrospectively identified. The control cohort was generated using a propensity score (PS) matching algorithm. Briefly, the PS was calculated by performing a logistic regression on the complete dataset of 909 patients who underwent Gamma Knife SRS for trigeminal neuralgia at our center. The model used 11 prospectively collected variables (sex, year of treatment, age at SRS, pain level, frequency of crises, number of medications, burning sensation, electric shock sensation, loss of sensation, previous MVD and previous rhizotomy) to predict the probability of a patient having a diagnosis of MS. Then, MS patients (cases) were matched to 2 non-MS patients (controls) having a propensity score within 0.15. This yielded a final control cohort of 131 patients for 76 cases. For each patient, basic demographic data, past management, medication, subsequent treatment as well as pain characteristics at baseline and at each follow-up were collected. The primary outcome was the change in BNI pain scale distribution at last follow-up.

Results

Data collection is now complete and the results will be presented at the ISRS 2019 meeting.

Conclusion

This study will provide high level evidence on the efficacy of SRS for MS-associated TN and should improve patient selection and outcomes in this challenging population.


William LEDUC, Christian IORIO-MORIN, David MATHIEU (Sherbrooke, Canada)

10:45-12:00
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C24
Oral Session
OTHER BENIGN TUMORS

Oral Session
OTHER BENIGN TUMORS

Moderators: Joao Gabriel GOMES (Neurosurgeon) (Recife, Brazil), Samuel RYU (Professor) (Stony Brook, NY, USA), Isaac YANG (Associate Professor) (Los Angeles, USA)
10:45 - 10:55 #17899 - C24-1 A modified disease specific graded prognostic assessment (ds-GPA) scale for melanoma consisting of age, karnofsky performance score (KPS), cumulative intracranial tumor volume (CITV), and BRAF mutation status.
C24-1 A modified disease specific graded prognostic assessment (ds-GPA) scale for melanoma consisting of age, karnofsky performance score (KPS), cumulative intracranial tumor volume (CITV), and BRAF mutation status.

ABSTRACT

Introduction:  Survival prognostication is an important aspect of personalizing oncologic care for patients with melanoma brain metastasis (BM).  We previous demonstrated the utility of a cumulative intracranial tumor volume modified diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment scale (CITV-dsGPA) for SRS-treated melanoma BM patients. Pertinent prognostic variables in this model included age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and CITV.  Here we determined whether the incorporation of BRAF mutation status into this CITV-modified scale further enhanced its prognostic accuracy.   

Methods:  We collated the survival pattern of 331 melanoma BM patients with known BRAF mutation status treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and validated our findings in an independent cohort of 174 patients. All patients with BRAF mutation were treated with BRAF inhibitors. The prognostic utility of the model with and without BRAF mutation information was compared using the net reclassification index (NRI > 0) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) metric.

Results:   BRAF mutation status is an important determinant of clinical survival in both univariate analysis (Hazard Ratio for death for BRAF mutated melanomas (HR) = 0.74, p<0.001 as well as a multi-variate Cox proportional hazard model that included age, KPS, and CITV (HR for BRAF mutated melanoma = 0.72, p < 0.001).  Addition of BRAF mutation status to the CITV-ds-GPA model for melanoma significantly improved its prognostic value, with NRI > 0 of 0.294 (p=0.01) and IDI of 0.017 (p=0.02). We validated these the prognostic utility of this model in an independent cohort of 174 melanoma patients.  

Conclusions:  Optimal survival prognostication for SRS-treated patients with melanoma BM requires an integrated assessment of age, KPS, CITV, and BRAF mutation status.


Ahluwalia MANMEET, Clark CHEN (Minneapolis, USA)
10:55 - 11:05 #17750 - c24-2 Management of Trigeminal Schwannoma with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.
c24-2 Management of Trigeminal Schwannoma with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.

Objective:

Trigeminal Schwannomas are second most common intracranial Schwannomas. They have been traditionally treated by microsurgery which is associated with significant morbidity, and complete excision is challenging. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a minimally invasive alternative. This study evaluates the radiological and clinical outcome in a series of Trigeminal schwannomas’ patients treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery.

Material and Methods:

Thirty patients were treated with Leksell Gamma Knife between May 2008 till  Dec.2018. Mean age at treatment was 43.4 yrs (Range 21-65Yrs).GKRS was used as initial treatment in 24 patients (80%) after initial subtotal resection in 4 patients(20%).The tumor volume ranged from 0.5 cc to19.3 cc (Men, 3.8cc).Mean prescription  dose was 13.2 Gy at 50 % isodose line (range. 12.5Gy to 14 Gy).

Results:

Average follow up was 48.4months ( range 6-124 months).Tumor size remained static in 16 (53.3%) and showed radiological evidence of shrinkage in 12 (40%).Tumor progression occurred in 2 (6%) patients. No patient had worsening of pre-existing neurologic symptoms or development of new cranial nerves deficits at the last follow up.

Conclusion:

GKRS is a safe and effective treatment alternative for patients with Trigeminal nerve schwannoma. There is not only long term tumor control but also functional preservation.


M Abid SALEEM (Karachi, Pakistan), A Sattar M HASHIM, Azhar RASHID
11:05 - 11:15 #17727 - c24-3 Stereotactic radiosurgery for oculomotor nerves schwannomas: an international multicenter study.
c24-3 Stereotactic radiosurgery for oculomotor nerves schwannomas: an international multicenter study.

Cranial nerve schwannomas are radiosensitive tumors that are commonly managed by stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). There is a large body of literature supporting the use of SRS for vestibular and trigeminal schwannomas. Schwannomas affecting the oculomotor nerves (cranial nerves III, IV and VI) are rare tumors. They are skull base tumors in close proximity the brainstem and often involving the cavernous sinus, for which resection can cause significant morbidity. As for other schwannomas, SRS can be used to manage these tumors, but only a handful of cases have been published so far, often among other uncommon schwannoma location reports. 

The goal of this study was to collect retrospective multicenter data on tumor control, clinical evolution and morbidity after SRS. This study was performed through the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation (IRRF). To be included, patients had to be treated with single fraction SRS for an oculomotor nerve schwannoma. The diagnosis was based on either diplopia or ptosis as the main presenting symptom as well as anatomic location on the trajectory of the presumed cranial nerve of origin, or prior surgical resection confirming diagnosis.

7 institutions submitted data for a total of 25 patients. There were 11 CN III schwannomas, 11 CN IV schwannomas and 3 CN VI schwannomas. Data analysis is ongoing, and further results will be available at the meeting.


Anne-Marie LANGLOIS, Christian IORIO-MORIN, Andrew FARAMAND, Ajay NIRANJAN, L.dade LUNSFORD, Nasser MOHAMMED, Jason SHEEHAN, Roman LISCAK, Dusan URGOSIK, Douglas KONDZIOLKA, Cheng-Chia LEE, Huai-Che YANG, Atik AHMET, David MATHIEU (Sherbrooke, Canada)
11:15 - 11:25 #17758 - c24-4 Long-Term Outcome of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex.
c24-4 Long-Term Outcome of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex.

Objective  This study was performed to analyze the long-term outcome of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in a series of 28 patients with cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex. Methods  Twenty-eight patients with cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex were treated with GKRS between March 2005 and June 2014. The series included 11 male and 17 female patients with an average age of 40.5 years (range 22–65 years). The diagnoses were confirmed by histology in 1 cases and presumed in accordance with clinical and radiological findings in 27 cases. The mean volume of the lesion at GKRS was 1.9±1.1cm3 (range 0.2~8.9cm3). The prescription peripheral dose ranged from 10.0 to 14.0 Gy. All patients had no history of radiation therapy. Results The median duration of follow-up was 52.5 months (range 24–120 months).Periodically scheduled MRI/CT and clinical follow-up showed evidence of tumor shrinkage in 26 patients (92.9%). Visual acuity (VA) was preserved in all cases. Thirteen patients (46.4%) experienced vision improvement of varying degrees, and VA was stable in 12 cases (42.9%) . Deterioration in VA was observed in only 3 cases (10.7%), including 2 patients had transient visual impairment within two weeks after GKRS. Exophthalmos disappeared on clinical ophthalmic examination in 14 cases. Only 4 cases (14.3%) had a transient chemosis. No recurrence was found during the follow-up examinations.  Conclusions This retrospective investigation indicates that GKRS provides an long-term effective management strategy in patients with cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex, with a high rate of visual function preservation.


Dong LIU (Tianjin, China), Desheng XU
11:25 - 11:35 #17721 - c24-5 Multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery for large cavernous sinus hemangiomas: 10 years outcomes of 88 cases.
c24-5 Multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery for large cavernous sinus hemangiomas: 10 years outcomes of 88 cases.

Objective: Cavernous sinus hemangiomas (CSHs) are rare vascular tumors. This study aimed to clarify the 10 year  outcomes of multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery  for the treatment of large CSHs(10 cm3 <tumor volume</=40 cm3).  Methods: Between January 2008 and January 2018,  Eighty-eight patients with large CSHs (10 cm3 < tumor volume</=40cm3) underwent multi-fraction Cyberknife radiosurgery . Eighty-five(96%) patients underwent multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery as the primary management for their CSHs based on clinical and imaging criteria, and the other three patients had previous operation before multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery. The median volume of the CSHs was 23.9  cm3 (range, 10.3-40.0 cm3). Multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery was delivered in 3 fractions. The median marginal dose was 20.3 Gy (range, 19.5–21 Gy) prescribed to a median 64% isodose line. Results:  The median follow-up period was 56 months (range, 12–123 months). Tumor control was achieved in all patients (100%) during the follow-up period. At 12 months after cyberknife radiosurgery, MRI revealed a mean of 80% tumor volume reduction (range, 60%-99%). The last MRI showed a mean of 90% tumor volume reduction. Sixty-six( 75%)patients who had cranial neuropathies before radiosurgery demonstrated improvements in their neurological deficits (improvement of vision, facial numbness), 16(18%) patients initially asymptomatic kept the same clinical status, 4 patients developed mild facial numbness.  One patient reported a stroke 3 years post radiosurgery because of hypertension. One elder patient felt reduction of memory post radiosurgery. No patient had visual function deterioration, and other adverse radiation effects during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Our experience confirms that multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery is a safe and an effective management strategy for large CSHs. Considering the risk involved in microsurgery, multi-fraction SRS may serve as the primary treatment option for patients with large CSHs.


Enmin WANG, Enmin WANG (Shanghai, China), Xin WANG, Li PAN, Huaguang ZHU, Xiaoxia LIU, Yang WANG
11:35 - 11:45 #17771 - c24-6 Cyberknife radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas: long-term outcomes.
c24-6 Cyberknife radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas: long-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVE  Jugular foramen schwannomas (JFSs) are rare lesions and controversy regarding their management still exists. Complete resection is possible but may be associated with significant morbidity. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a minimally invasive alternative or adjunct to microsurgery. The authors reviewed clinical and imaging outcomes of Cyberknife SRS for patients with these tumors.

METHODS   Fifty-nine patients with JFSs underwent hypofractionated Cyberknife radiosurgery between January 2008 and January 2015. Thirteen patients had previous microsurgical resection, one patient had recurrent tumor post Gamma Knife radiosurgery, the rest 45 patients underwent Cyberknife radiosurgery based on their neuroimaging and clinical manifestations. Fifty-four patients had preexisting cranial nerve (CN) symptoms and signs. The median tumor volume was 15.1 cm3 (range 2.6-36.0 cm3), and 39 of them was larger than 10cm3 in volume. The radiation dose prescribed to the tumor margin and the number of fractions depend on the tumor volume. Twelve patients with large tumors were treated in 4 fractions, 31 patients were treated in three fractions and 16 patients in two fractions. The median margin dose was 19.2 Gy/2 Fx ( fractions),  21.1Gy/3Fx  and 24.5Gy/4Fx. Patients with neurofibromatosis were excluded from this study.

RESULTS  The median follow-up was 58 months (range 24-105 months). Tumors regressed in 41(69%) patients, remained stable in 14 and progressed in 4. The progression-free survival (PFS) was 93% at 5 years, Preexisting cranial neuropathies improved in 32 patients, remained stable in 10 patients, and worsened in 17 patients.  Four patients underwent resection at a median of 14 months after Cyberknife SRS (range 8-30 months).

CONCLUSIONS  Cyberknife radiosurgery proved to be a safe and effective primary or adjuvant management approach for JFSs. Long-term tumor control rates and stability or improvement in CN function were confirmed.


Enmin WANG, Enmin WANG (Shanghai, China), Xin WANG, Huaguang ZHU, Xiaoxia LIU, Yang WANG, Li PAN
11:45 - 11:55 #17860 - b28-6 Postoperative Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Metastases: Clinical Outcomes, Failures, and Analysis of Local Control.
Postoperative Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Metastases: Clinical Outcomes, Failures, and Analysis of Local Control.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a viable treatment modality for spine metastases. SRS is increasingly being used in the multimodal management of these patients. Results of post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery following separation surgery has been reported but clinical outcomes and local control for a more heterogenous surgical sample (i.e., anterior approaches, anterior column reconstruction, revision surgery after previous SRS) is lacking in the literature. We present data on clinical outcomes and local tumor control at a major cancer center following contemporary surgical approaches for spine metastases.

After IRB approval, retrospective review of patients between 2012 and 2017. Demographic information, tumor histology, survival rates, recurrence rates, clinical outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed

 

The mean age of patients in our cohort was 64 years (range 44 to 85 years), with 32% female.The radiation dose was 18 Gy in 1 fraction using 6 MV photons with a 24Gy boost to the gross tumor volume.The follow up period range was 3-84 months, with average time between surgery (11.1% anterior approach, 88.9% posterior approach) and SRS 3 weeks. Radiographic evaluation following SRS was every 3 months after treatment with CT or MRI. The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 57% and 38% respectively. The overall rate of local recurrence was 12.7% within the follow up period. Multivariate analysis revealed tumor location (thoracic) and histology (lung carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, or melanoma) as significant prognostic factors for local control and overall survival. The overall surgical and medical complication rates were 14.3% and 19.0% respectively.  The most common complication after SRS was an acute pain flare. The rate of hardware failure was 6.3%, with 3 patients developing procedure-related neurological deficits, but there were no cases of radiation myelopathy. Eighteen patients required additional surgery for metastatic disease at adjacent or distant spinal levels. There were no differences in local control if a patient had anterior column reconstruction or not.

 

SRS is an effective treatment modality following all types of surgery for metastases, not just separation surgery. SRS should be considered in the post-operative management for spinal metastases given the low complications, and local control roughly 87% irrespective of histology.


John SHIN (Boston, USA), Muhamed HADZIPASIC, Laura VAN BEAVER, Caroline AYINON, Robert KOFFIE, Brian WINEY, Thomas BOTTICELLO, Ganesh SHANKAR, Joseph SCHWAB, Kevin OH

12:00
12:00-13:00
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A25
Oral Session
METASTASES #1

Oral Session
METASTASES #1

Moderators: Eduardo LOVO IGLESIAS (Brain and Spine Radiosurgery Program) (San Salvador, El Salvador), Edilmar MOURA (DIRECTOR) (NATAL, Brazil), John SUH (Radiation Oncologist) (Cleveland, USA)
12:00 - 12:10 #17640 - a25-1 United States radiotherapy practice patterns for brain metastases in the era of stereotactic radiosurgery.
United States radiotherapy practice patterns for brain metastases in the era of stereotactic radiosurgery.

Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) effectively treats brain metastases (BM) while minimizing treatment-related morbidity, prompting reassessment of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) indications. A patterns of care analysis between SRS and WBRT was performed.

Materials/Methods: Adults in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) with BM at diagnosis from a lung, breast, skin, urogenital, gastrointestinal, or head/neck primary tumor between 2010-2015 and no prior malignancy were identified. WBRT was defined as 20-50Gy in 4-44 fractions (fx) at 1.6-6Gy/fx totaling 60-100Gy2 biologically equivalent dose delivered in ≤60 days using non-SRS external beam modality. SRS was defined as radiosurgery modality, 12-24Gy/1fx, 18-30Gy/2fx, 21-36Gy/3fx, 21-36Gy/4fx, or 25-40Gy/5fx to the brain. Radioresistant histology was defined as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), sarcoma/spindle cell, or gastrointestinal (GI) primary. Odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence interval) of SRS receipt compared to WBRT were calculated from multivariate logistic regression. OS was estimated via the Kaplan-Meier method. The substantial limitations in using the NCDB for these analyses were critically reviewed.

Results: 90,388 subjects were identified, the majority with BM from primary lung cancer (83.0%). Of these, 11,486 (12.7%) received SRS and 24,262 (26.8%) WBRT. Annual use of WBRT decreased from 27.8% to 23.5%, while use of SRS increased from 8.7% to 17.9% in 2010 and 2015, respectively. The most common SRS and WBRT dose-fractionations were 20Gy/1fx (13.0%) and 30Gy/10fx (56.8%), respectively. Factors significantly associated with SRS receipt on multivariate analysis were later year of diagnosis (2015 vs 2010, OR 2.4, 2.2-2.6), radioresistant histology (OR 2.0, 1.9-2.2), academic facility (OR 1.9, 1.8-2.0), highest income quartile (OR 1.6, 1.4-1.7), chemotherapy receipt (OR 1.4, 1.4-1.5), and further travel distance (>15 vs ≤15 miles, OR 1.4, 1.3-1.5). Median OS was 11.7mo for SRS (OS 72% @6mo, 19% @36mo) and 5.7mo for WBRT (OS 49% @6mo, 6% @36mo).

Conclusions: WBRT utilization appears to be decreasing while SRS utilization is increasing in the U.S. to treat BM at diagnosis. BM from melanoma, RCC, sarcoma, or GI primaries are more likely to receive SRS. The data in the NCDB are inadequate to infer the efficacy of SRS over WBRT, particularly in the absence of performance status and number of BM.


Andrew BARBOUR (Seattle, USA), Corbin JACOBS, Gita SUNEJA, Scott FLOYD, Jordan TOROK, John KIRKPATRICK
12:10 - 12:20 #17703 - a25-2 Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases – time trend and variation in practice in Australia.
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases – time trend and variation in practice in Australia.

Introduction: To evaluate the trend in utilisation of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for management of brain metastases (BM) in Australia

Methods: The Victorian Radiotherapy Minimum Data Set (VRMDS) captures vital details of radiotherapy (RT) delivered in the state of Victoria, Australia. This study comprise all patients in VRMDS with solid tumour (excluding primary brain malignancies) who underwent brain RT between January 2012 and December 2017. The primary outcome was any documented use of SRS. Differences in patient-, tumour-, sociodemographic and institutional factors between patients who had SRS vs. no SRS were compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables. The Cochrane-Armitage test for trend was used to evaluate the use of SRS over time. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with SRS use.

Results: Of the 3,964 patients who had brain RT included in this study, 1,348 (34%) were documented to have SRS. There was an increase in uptake of SRS from 31% in 2012 to 41% in 2017 among patients who had RT for BM (P<0.001). Patients who had SRS were younger – mean age was 63.2 (SD=12.8) in those who had SRS vs. 65.5 (SD=12.3) in those who did not have SRS (P<0.001). There were no differences in SRS use between men (34%) and women (34%) (P=0.8). Patients who had melanoma were significantly more likely to have SRS  (50%), compared to other tumour types e.g. lung cancer (26%), breast cancer (33%), or gastrointestinal cancers (31%) (P<0.001). Patients from the most disadvantaged residential areas were less likely to have SRS (29%) compared to those from least disadvantaged residential areas (45%) (P<0.001). Patients treated in public institutions were more likely to have SRS compared to private institutions (36% vs. 30%, P=0.001). Patients treated in metropolitan centres were also more likely to have SRS compared to those treated in regional centres (41% vs. 8%, P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, patients’ age, tumour type, sociodemographic factors, treatment centres, and year of RT were all independently associated with SRS use.

Conclusion: This is the largest Australian population-based cohort of patients who had RT for BM, with increasing use of SRS observed over time. There is marked variation in SRS use, depending on tumour type as well as sociodemographic and institutional factors.


Wee Loon ONG (Melbourne, Australia, Australia), Therese KANG, Gishan RATNAYAKE, Morikatsu WADA, Jeremy RUBEN, Sashendra SENTHI, Jeremy MILLAR, Farshad FOROUDI
12:20 - 12:30 #17560 - a25-3 Safety and efficacy of dose escalation for neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for large brain metastases: results from a prospective trial.
a25-3 Safety and efficacy of dose escalation for neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery for large brain metastases: results from a prospective trial.

Background: Single session stereotacic radiosurgery (SRS) alone for brain metastases larger than 2cm in maximal dimension results in local control of only 50%. Surgical resection followed by SRS to the resection cavity can result in leptomeningeal failure (LMD).

Objectives: To determine the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of neoadjuvant SRS at escalating doses followed by surgical resection of brain metastases greater than 2 cm in maximal dimension.

Methods: Patients underwent Gamma Knife SRS followed by surgical resection of brain metastases within 2 week as part of an IRB-approved trial. SRS dose was escalated based on maximal lesion dimension at 3 Gy increments from currently accepted RTOG dosing; and cohorts of 2-6 patients were treated at each dose. Initially, 2 patients were treated at a particular dose and followed for 4 months. If no dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were observed, the dose was escalated and a new cohort of 4 patients were treated.

Results: A total of 27 patients enrolled on the trial. For tumor size >2.0 - 3.0 cm, 2 patients completed treatment at 18 Gy and 3 patients at 21Gy. For tumor size >3.0 - 4.0 cm, 4 patients were treated at 15 Gy and 9 patients were treated at 18 Gy and 1 patient at 21 Gy. For tumor size > 4.0 - 5.0 cm, 1 patient was treated at 12 Gy and 7 patients at 15 Gy.  Thirteen patients have died at time of analysis. Two patients have experienced local failure. After a median and mean follow up of 9.2 and 15.2 months, respectively, the 6 and 12 month local control was 94.7% and 94.7%, respectively. Six and 12 month distant brain control was 71.7% and 49.6% respectively. Overall survival at 6 and 12 months was 81.5% and 54.9%, respectively. One patient developed localized LMD 5 months following SRS. Twenty-six patients were evaluable for acute toxicity. No DLT have occurred. Twenty-two patients (85%) had no adverse events related to protocol treatment.

Conclusions: Neoadjuvant SRS with dose escalation followed by surgical resection for brain metastases greater than 2 cm in size results in excellent local control, acceptable acute toxicity, and very low rate of LMD failure. The maximum safe dose has not yet been reached. 


Erin MURPHY (Cleveland, USA), Kailin YANG, John SUH, Jennifer YU, Cathy SCHILERO, Alireza MOHAMMADI, Glen STEVENS, Lilyana ANGELOV, Michael VOGELBAUM, Gene BARNETT, Gennady NEYMAN, Sam CHAO
12:30 - 12:40 #17735 - a25-4 A natural history of melanoma brain metastases on MRI: Recommendations for interval from imaging to treatment delivery.
A natural history of melanoma brain metastases on MRI: Recommendations for interval from imaging to treatment delivery.

Background:

Stereotactic radiation surgery (SRS) is increasingly being used to treat brain metastases to minimize the neurocognitive side effects associated with whole-brain radiation therapy and provide good intracranial disease control. Previous studies have shown that time between pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and SRS is associated with intracranial progression and reduced local control. However, there are no formal recommendations regarding the timing between pretreatment MRI and SRS delivery based on a natural radiographic history of individual brain metastases.

Methods:

Retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with melanoma brain metastases between 2003 and 2018. All MRI scans, including those from outside institutions, were reviewed for radiographic change. Individual brain metastases were tracked for growth before treatment. Number of new metastases was recorded between scans. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate frequency of radiographic change.

 

Results:

A total of 561 MRI scans were reviewed and revealed 384 brain metastases in 65 patients with metastatic melanoma. Each patient had 8.6 MRI scans and 5.9 metastases on average. Ninety metastases (23.4%) grew before treatment, 223 (58.3%) were treated before displaying any growth, and 70 (18.2%) showed no growth during observation. The median time interval between MRI scans, diagnosis and metastatic growth, and diagnosis and treatment was 73 days (IQR 28-99), 33 days (IQR 27-71), and 19 days (IQR 0-38), respectively. Seventy-two (14.8%) MRI scans displayed growth relative to the previous MRI, with a median interval of 33 days, while 98 (20.1%) MRI scans showed new metastases relative to the previous MRI, with a median interval of 70 days.

 

Conclusion:

Roughly a quarter of the observed metastases showed growth before treatment with most of the observed growth occurring between 1 and 3 months after diagnosis. This suggests that SRS delivery within 1 month of diagnosis would minimize risk of metastatic growth.


Alon KASHANIAN (Los Angeles, USA), Collin PRICE, Rebecca LEVIN-EPSTEIN, Tania KAPREALIAN, Nader POURATIAN
12:40 - 12:50 #17777 - a25-5 Stereotactic radiosurgery for small cell lung cancer brain metastases.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for small cell lung cancer brain metastases.

Purpose:

Brain metastases from small cell lung cancer (SCLC), either when newly diagnosed or recurrent following prior prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) or whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), are traditionally thought to be widely disseminated and unsuited for focal stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). For newly diagnosed metastases, we hypothesized that the rate of new distant failure (DF) elsewhere in the brain and neurologic death rate following SRS for SCLC is similar to historical controls for non-SCLC brain metastases and that SRS is suitable for salvage following prior PCI/WBRT.  

Materials & Methods:

In this IRB-approved retrospective study, we identified 59 patients with 236 total metastases treated from 2000-2017 with SRS in 90 total courses for SCLC brain metastases. Twenty-one patients had inadequate follow-up, yielding 38 evaluable patients with 153 metastases. SRS was indicated for salvage after prior PCI (12 patients (32%)) or WBRT (15 patients (32%)) or for upfront initial treatment in 11 (29%) patients. The cumulative incidences, with death and salvage WBRT as competing risks, were estimated for local (LF), distant (DF) failure, and adverse radiation effect (ARE) as were the Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall (OS) from the time of SRS.

Results:

With a median follow up of 6.2 months (range 0.1 - 91.3 months), the 1-year cumulative incidence of LF was 21% [95%CI 15%, 27%]. The rate of LF was 4% for upfront SRS compared to 27% for salvage SRS after PCI/WBRT (p=0.01). The 1-year cumulative incidence of DF was 49% [95%CI 31%, 64%]. There was no difference in DF for patient treated with upfront SRS (57% [95% CI 21%, 85%]) and salvage SRS (44% [95%CI 25%, 63%]) (p=0.36). In patients treated with upfront SRS, 46% ultimately received salvage WBRT following SRS compared to 13% with prior PCI or WBRT (13%) (p=0.08).  The 1-year rates of ARE per patient were 17% for upfront SRS and 20% for salvage SRS (p=1.00). The median OS was 5.9 months, with a crude incidence of neurologic death of 14%.

Conclusion:

Patients with SCLC treated with SRS appear to have similar rates of local failure, distant failure and neurologic death compared to historical controls of SRS for non-SCLC.    In the era of controversy regarding PCI for SCLC as well as the deferral of WBRT for NSCLC given concerns of neurotoxicity, the role of upfront SRS alone for SCLC should be re-evaluated.


Scott SOLTYS (Stanford, CA, USA), Rohil TAGGARSI, Everett MODING, Ziad FAWAZ, Rie VON EYBEN, Erqi POLLOM, Steven CHANG, Iris GIBBS, Steven HANCOCK, Hilary BAGSHAW
12:50 - 13:00 #16763 - a25-6 Symptomatic brain metastases larger than 8.5cc managed with upfront radiosurgery.
a25-6 Symptomatic brain metastases larger than 8.5cc managed with upfront radiosurgery.

Introduction.

Current recommendations in accordance with NCCN guidelines regarding management of metastases larger than 2.5 cm in symptomatic patients suggest surgery as a first choice. We analyze the role of upfront radiosurgery in such patients.

Methods.

37 symptomatic patients that harbored metastatic tumors mainly from breast histology that were greater than 8.5 cc in volume were treated from 2011 to January 2018.

Results.

The median tumor volume was 12.5 cc (8.5-78.4), 9 (24%) patients were treated with LINAC with a volume of 20 cc (9.2-70 cc). The treatments with Gamma Ray were administrated to the remaining 28 (76%) patients, 9 (32%) of them with adaptive (Staged) radiosurgery protocol. The prescription dose for the gamma group was 13.8 Gy (7.5-18Gy) mean dose of 17.9 Gy (13.2-23.3 Gy) with a mean volume of 16.3 cc (8.5-78.4 cc) for single dose and 14.5 Gy (10-18) for the first treatment of adaptive SRS to a volume of 12.8 cc (8.5-78.4) and 13.5 Gy (10-18) for the second treatment 30 days after to a 4.3cc (0.4-70) volume.

Karnofsky score was 60 (50-70) the day of treatment and 80 (60-100) at 30 days (P=0.0001). At 30 days 95% of the tumors available for scanning (20 out of 21 tumors) had reduced in size in a 74% (11-95%). Median survival was 19 months (4-34), with an accumulative risk of death from central nervous progression of 4.5%. We had reports of disease progression in 7 (18.9%) patients (RECIST), Two of them were adequately managed by steroids (Radiation necrosis). Four patients meet criteria for surgery at 7 months (4-34), 3 were operated. Of the whole series 6 (16.2%) Patients required new treatments with radiosurgery for new lesions, 3 for progression.

Conclusion.

Radiosurgery in our experience has shown to be effective in controlling large metastases in the brain, it requires a careful monitoring and neurosurgical collaboration to provide patient safety.


Eduardo LOVO (San Salvador, El Salvador), Victor CACEROS, Mario MINERVINI, William REYES, Fidel CAMPOS

12:00-13:00
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B25
Oral Session
GENITOURINARY

Oral Session
GENITOURINARY

Moderators: Patrick KUPELIAN (Professor) (Palo Alto, USA), Ernesto ROESLER (Head of the Department) (Recife, Brazil), Deivid Augusto SILVA (Brazil)
12:00 - 12:10 #17634 - b25-1 CyberKnife based radioablation of 500 LR and IR prostate cancer patients - single center results.
b25-1 CyberKnife based radioablation of 500 LR and IR prostate cancer patients - single center results.

Objectives: An evaluation of effectiveness and toxicity of LR and IR prostate cancer patients (PCP) CyberKnife (CK) based radioablation.

Methods: Consecutive 500 PCP (LR 264  and IR 236) were irradiated with fd 7.25 Gy to TD 36.25 Gy. Median FU was 31.3 months. PSA, ADT uptake and toxicity using EORTC/RTOG scoring system were checked (acute effects to 4 months, next, late ones). ROC curves were created and appropriate AUC were calculated for different PSA values as predictors of failures. Two-way analysis of variances was used for PSA course evaluation.

Results: During FU 15 failures appeared (6 biochemical failures, 2 local relapses, 5 locoregional-pelvic  nodal disseminations and 2 bone metastasis). Median time to failure was 19.9 months (22.5 to relapse and 17.5 to dissemination). Percentage of patients without ADT increased from 44.6% before RT to 100% 56 months later. In this period PSA median decreased from 2.8 to 0.12. Percentage of patients without gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity varied from 90.2% at the RT end to 100% 56 months later. There was one G4 toxicity: rectourethral fistula revealed 26 months after RT. Percentage of patients without genitourinary (GU) toxicity was smaller and varied from 74.5% 1 month after RT to 97.9% 44 months after RT. No G4 GU toxicity was noted.  Higher PSA values during FU (even not filled Phoenix criterion), before failure appearance were connected to high risk of failure later on. PSA concentration during FU was significantly higher for IR patients without ADT.

Conclusions: CK based radioablation of LR and IR PCP is safe, effective treatment. Higher PSA during first part of FU is strong predictive factor for a treatment failure. Lack of ADT in the group of IR patients results in higher PSA, so ADT administration for these patients may benefit with lower PSA and, finally with better treatment results.


Leszek MISZCZYK (Gliwice, Poland), Aleksandra NAPIERALSKA, Malgorzata KRASZKIEWICZ, Agnieszka NAMYSL-KALETKA, Grzegorz WOZNIAK, Malgorzata STAPOR-FUDZINSKA MALGORZATA, Marcin MISZCZYK, Andrzej TUKIENDORF
12:10 - 12:20 #17666 - b25-2 CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery for intermediate unfavorable and high-risk prostate cancer patients: initial results.
b25-2 CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery for intermediate unfavorable and high-risk prostate cancer patients: initial results.

Introduction: The role of radiosurgery for intermediate unfavorable-risk (IUFR) and high-risk (HR) prostate cancer (pCa) patients is not clear. Patients which refuse other treatment methods might benefit from local application of radiosurgery if involvement of pelvic lymph nodes is excluded.

Materials and methods: From June y.2016 to January 2019 12 IUFR and 11 HR prostate cancer patients were treated with local application of robotic radiosurgery with CyberKnife M6 system to prostate and seminal vesicles. All patients whose risk of pelvic lymph node involvement were above 7% according to MSKCC risk calculator were advised to undergo  PSMA PET-CT. 4 fiducial markers were implanted according Accuray recommendations. CT and MRI topometry was done with following delineation of prostate and 1-2cm proximal seminal vesicles (CTV). Safety margin of 5mm in all directions except 3mm posteriorly were added for PTV. Dose of 35-36.25 Gy were prescribed to PTV with focal increase of the dose to dominant lesion (GTV) visible on MRI and PET-CT. Median pretreatment PSA was 7.98 ng/ml [range 0.21, 60]. PSA level was evaluated before treatment and every 3 months after treatment. 6 patients received ADT before treatment or short term (3-6 months) after SRS. Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 30 months (median 11.5 months). Minimal dose to GTV was applied 36.22 Gy, maximal 53.62Gy (median 42.32 Gy). Early toxicity was evaluated according RTOG/EORTC toxicity scale.

Results:  PSA values decreased for all patients reaching values of 0.1 - 4.58 (median 1.385) ng/ml. There were no biochemical relapse detected according Phoenix criteria (nadir+2) however 1 high-risk patient had PSA increase from 0.231 ng/ml (nadir) to 1.4 ng/ml during follow-up of 9 months. For one high-risk patient ADT was prescribed after minor PSA increase - from 0.13 ng/ml (nadir) to 0.259 ng/ml in 6 months. All patients (96%) had Grade 0-2 toxicity, except one (4%) who had grade 3 rectal toxicity due to inflammation in rectal wall.

Conclusions: Initial data suggests that FSRS provides significant PSA decrease for all IUFR and HR prostate cancer patients. Focal increase of radiation dose does not increase Grade 3 toxicity comparing to published data. Longer follow-up and larger number of patients in multi-institutional data registries might help clarify the role of FSRS for these groups of patients.


Maris MEZECKIS (Sigulda, Latvia), Kirils IVANOVS, Egils VJATERS, Sandra LEDINA, Vladislav BURYK
12:20 - 12:30 #17689 - b25-3 Pattern of progression after stereotactic body radiotherapy of oligorecurrent prostate cancer patients.
b25-3 Pattern of progression after stereotactic body radiotherapy of oligorecurrent prostate cancer patients.

Purpose

To determine the pattern of progression after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of oligorecurrent prostate cancer patients.

Material and Methods

Study group consisted of 86 patients(pts) with 120 metastatic lesions – 77 in lymph nodes (LN) and 43 in bones (BM) treated with SBRT (mean total dose of 36 Gy in 3 fractions). Primary treatment was surgery (16pts), surgery+ RT (28pts, in 9 with elective nodal irradiation–ENI), prostate only RT (24pts), prostate RT+ENI (18pts). PET-CT was used in diagnosis in 84% of pts. Oligorecurrence was diagnosed in 29 pts (34%) during hormonal treatment (HT), remaining 66% were not on HT at that time. Oligorecurrence in LN was regional (defined as LN below L5) in 28 pts (48 LN) and distant in 23 pts (29 LN). Among 59 patients without ENI, oligorecurrence in regional LN occurred in 19 pts, as compared to 5 pts with ENI. 

Results

Median follow-up was 3 years after SBRT. One-, 2- and 3-year overall survival (OS) was 95%, 87% and 78%, respectively. Progression after SBRT was observed in 45 pts (still oligometastatic in 26 pts, disseminated in 19 pts) and 1-, 2- and 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 67%, 45% and 36%, respectively. Majority of  pts with LN oligorecurrence who had clinical progression after SBRT developed LN metastases (83%), while majority of  pts with BM oligorecurrence developed BM (89%). Among 28 pts diagnosed with oligorecurrence in regional LN there were 13 pts with nodal recurrence after SBRT: regional LN in 5, regional and distant in 6 and distant LN in 2 pts. Almost all pts with oligorecurrence in distant LN had progression in distant LN (majority in common iliac above L5 – 11 pts or retroperitoneal/paraaortic LN – 9 pts). Progression after SBRT in pts without previous ENI was within regional LN in 61% in contrast to only 1 pts given previous ENI with progression in regional LN after SBRT. Patients with oligorecurrence diagnosed during HT compared to those who were not on HT while diagnosed with oligorecurrence had worse PFS (p=0.0008) and worse overall survival (p=0.001).

Conclusions

Pattern of progression after SBRT in oligorecurrent prostate cancer pts is strongly associated with previous metastasis location. Patients with previous ENI tend to progress outside regional lymph nodes. Progression during HT predicts worse outcome despite of applied further treatment.


Aleksandra NAPIERALSKA (Gliwice, Poland), Wojciech MAJEWSKI, Małgorzata STĄPÓR-FUDZIŃSKA, Leszek MISZCZYK
12:30 - 12:40 #17765 - b25-4 Evaluation of outcomes after stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
b25-4 Evaluation of outcomes after stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Aims: Several randomized trials support the use of high doses of radiation for localized prostate cancer. We retrospectively report collected data from a cohort of localized prostate cancer patients treated with Cyberknife (CK) in our Center.
Methods: From July 2007 through June 2016 a retrospective analysis was carried out on 217 pts with a median age of 75 years (range 52 – 86), median prostate volume of 75.6 cc (range 37.03-163.16)and clinically localized prostate cancer. CK was used to deliver fiducials based image guided Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Treatment . The majority of pts 116 (53%) were low risk , 60 pts (28%) were intermediate risk and 41 patients (19%) were high risk (according to the NCCN criteria). Median pre-treatment PSA was 8.51 ng/ml (range 1.51- 51 ng/ml) .17 (41%) of 41 high risk pts received Androgen Deprivation Therapy. The course of radiotherapy consisted of 38 Gy over 4 fractions (9.5 Gy per fraction) given daily to the PTV. Heterogenous dose planning was used, dose was normalized to the 75% isodose line in order for the prescription dose to cover at least 95% of PTV. Real-time intrafractional motion tracking was used.
Results: With a median follow up of 61 months (range 12 – 120), the six years actuarial PSA relapse free survival rate is 94.4% (CI: 90.8%-98.2%) with 98.2% for low risk, 94.5% for intermediate and 85.6% for high risk. 23 (10.5%) pts died during the follow up for unrelated causes, only one (0.5%) died for prostate cancer. Limited acute urinary symptoms(grade I - II) were common (46.5% of pts), no one experienced grade III or worse acute urinary symptoms. 20.3% of pts reported grade I or II acute GI symptoms, only one experienced a grade III acute proctitis. No grade IV rectal toxicity was observed. The majority of pts (78.3%) experienced grade 0 GU late toxicity, 39 (18 %) experienced grade I or II GU symptoms, 7 (3%) pts reported grade III toxicity. In one patient (0.5%) a grade IV bladder fistula was observed. The majority of pts (95%) did not experienced late GI toxicity, only Grade I or II symptoms were observed in 10 patients (4.6%),higher was not reported.
Conclusions: Cyberknife SBRT represents a non invasive method for the definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer with results not inferior to standard fractionated radiotherapy in terms of biochemical control rates at up to 6 years and toxicities.


Giancarlo BELTRAMO, Giovanni LONGO, Isa BOSSI ZANETTI (Milano, Italy), Achille BERGANTIN, Anna Stefania MARTINOTTI, Irene REDAELLI, Paolo BONFANTI, Chiara SPADAVECCHIA, Livia Corinna BIANCHI, Matteo MAGGIONI, Guido DORMIA
12:40 - 12:50 #17787 - b25-5 Phase 2 multicentre study of gantry-based SBRT boost for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer.
b25-5 Phase 2 multicentre study of gantry-based SBRT boost for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer.

Objectives: To report feasibility, early toxicity and PSA kinetics following gantry linac-based, stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) boost within a prospective, phase 2, multicentre study (PROMETHEUS: ACTRN12615000223538)

Methods: Patients were treated with gantry-based SBRT, 19-20Gy in 2 fractions delivered one week apart, followed by conventional IMRT (46Gy in 23 fractions). The study mandated MRI fusion for planning, rectal displacement and intrafraction image guidance. Toxicity was prospectively graded using CTCAE v4.  

Results: Between March 2014 and July 2018, 135 patients (76% intermediate, 24% high-risk), median age 70 years (range 53–81) were treated across five centres. Short course (≤6 months) androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was used in 36%, long course in 18%. Rectal displacement method was SpaceOAR in 59% and Rectafix in 41%. Median follow-up was 24 months.Acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) and urinary toxicity occurred in 4.4% and 26.6% with no acute grade 3 toxicity. At 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months post-treatment the prevalence of late grade ≥2 GI toxicity was 1.6%, 3.7%, 2.2%, 0% and 0% respectively and the prevalence of late grade ≥2 urinary toxicity was 0.8%, 11%, 12%, 7.1% and 6.3% respectively. Three patients experienced grade 3 late toxicity at 12 to 18 months which subsequently resolved to grade 2 or less. For patients not receiving ADT, median PSA pre-treatment was 7.6ug/L (1.1 – 20) and at 12, 24 and 36 months post-treatment was 0.86, 0.36 and 0.20ug/L. 

Conclusions: Delivery of a gantry-based SBRT boost is feasible in a multicentre setting, is well tolerated with low rates of early toxicity and is associated with promising PSA responses. A second transient peak in urinary toxicity was observed at 18 months which subsequently resolved. Follow-up is ongoing to document late toxicity, long-term patient reported outcomes and tumour control with this approach.


David PRYOR (Brisbane, Australia), Mark SIDHOM, Sankar ARUMUGAM, Joseph BUCCI, Sarah GALLAGHER, Joanne SMART, Greer PETER, Sarah KEATS, Lee WILTON, Jarad MARTIN

12:00-13:10
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C25
Oral Session
PHYSICS #1

Oral Session
PHYSICS #1

Moderators: Francine Xavier DOS SANTOS (Medical Physicist) (porto alegre, Brazil), Josef NOVOTNY (Head of department) (Prague, Czech Republic), David SCHLESINGER (Medical Physics) (Charlottesville, VA, USA, USA)
12:00 - 12:10 #17812 - C25-1 Interactive inverse planning system for radiosurgery by convex optimization.
C25-1 Interactive inverse planning system for radiosurgery by convex optimization.

We developed a new interactive inverse planning approach based on a fully convex framework. The system has been first implemented to be used with Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery.

The convex framework is based on the precomputation of a dictionary composed of the individual dose distributions of all possible shots, considering all their possible locations, sizes, and shapes inside the target volume. The convex problem is solved to determine the plan, i.e., which shots and with which weights, that will actually be used, considering a sparsity constraint on the shots to fulfill the constraints while minimizing the beam-on time. The system is called IntuitivePlan and allows data from the generated dose plans to be transferred into the GK treatment planning software for further dosimetry evaluation and treatment.

The system has been very efficiently implemented and an optimal plan is usually obtained in less than 1 minute, depending on the complexity of the problem, on a desktop computer or in only a few minutes on a high-end laptop. Dosimetry data from clinical cases were generated with IntuitivePlan. The dosimetry characteristics are very satisfactory and adequate in terms of conformity, selectivity, gradient, protection of organs at risk, and yield to much shorter beam-on (treatment) time. Moreover the system allows to interact and move intuitively, in a very user-friendly manner, the isodose lines and modify them directly, to relax or increase constraints, and automaically generate a new optimal plan.

The possibility of using optimal interactive real-time inverse planning in conjunction with GK opens new perspectives in radiosurgery, especially considering the potential use of the full capabilities of its latest generations. This approach gives new users the possibility of using the system for easier and quicker access to good-quality plans with a shorter technical training period and opens avenues for new planning strategies for expert users. The use of a convex optimization approach allows an optimal plan to be provided in a very short processing time. The versatility of the system will allow to develop similar approaches for other radiosurgery/radiotherapy plateforms. Independent quantitative prospective evaluation comparing inverse planned and expert planned cases are underway to validate this novel and promising treatment planning approach. 


Marc LEVIVIER (Lausanne, Switzerland), Rafael E. CARRILLO, Rémi CHARRIER, Jean-Philippe THIRAN
12:10 - 12:20 #17671 - c25-2a The impact of unscheduled gaps and shot ordering on the biologically effective dose (BED) in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.
c25-2a The impact of unscheduled gaps and shot ordering on the biologically effective dose (BED) in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.

Purpose: Historically, Leksell Gamma Knife® (LGK) procedures have been regarded as single fraction exposures with no account taken as to the potential influence of the repair of sub-lethal radiation damage during treatment. However, given the large variations in treatment time and dose-rate during treatment delivery, this basic assumption has to be re-evaluated. This study aims at quantifying two possible sources of variations: unscheduled gaps during treatment and the order in which the individual shots are delivered.

Methods: An established biologically effective dose (BED) model, which includes bi-exponential repair parameters, has been used to analyse LGK treatments in a cohort of 15 patients with vestibular schwannomas. These patients were treated using a prescription dose of either 12 or 13 Gy with the LGK model Perfexion® (PFX). For comparisons, the BED values were evaluated for the physical prescription dose iso-surface.

A single gap of 15 minutes was introduced at different times throughout the course of treatment to assess the impact on BED. After evaluating all possible combinations of shot sequences for a subset of the cohort, a heuristic approach was taken to estimate the achievable range of BED values when determining the order of delivery of the individual iso-centres. This is achieved by either grouping or distributing shots according to their average dose-rate on the prescription dose iso-surface.

Results: In regard to the temporal position of the gap in the treatment delivery, mean BED values were shown to decrease between 0.1% and 9.9%, depending on the individual average dose-rate profiles. Depending on the number of iso-centres used for the treatment, the application of a heuristic approach to sorting the shots results in BED variations of up to 14.2%, relative to the mean BED for the original sequence.

Conclusions: The influence of treatment variables, like dose-rate profiles and shot sequence, on the BED should be considered during treatment planning for LGK radiosurgery. Further studies on the predictive value of BED in treatment outcome should be carried out.


Thomas KLINGE (London, United Kingdom), Marc MODAT, Jamie MCCLELLAND, Alexis DIMITRIADIS, Ian PADDICK, John W. HOPEWELL, Neil KITCHEN, Sébastien OURSELIN
12:20 - 12:30 #17674 - c25-2b Calculation of biologically effective dose (BED) distribution matrices for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.
c25-2b Calculation of biologically effective dose (BED) distribution matrices for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.

Purpose: Historically, Leksell Gamma Knife® (LGK) procedures were regarded as single fraction exposures with no account taken as to the potential influence of the repair of sub-lethal radiation damage during treatment. However, given the large variations in treatment time and dose-rate distributions, this basic assumption needs to be re-evaluated. This study aims at demonstrating the feasibility of efficiently calculating biologically effective dose (BED) distributions to aid with the treatment planning process.

Methods: An established biologically effective dose (BED) model [1], which includes bi-exponential repair parameters, has been implemented in MATLAB [2]. A custom version of the treatment planning system (TPS) Leksell GammaPlan® 10.1 (LGP) was used to export the physical dose distribution matrices and the corresponding beam-on times for every iso-centre. Using the parameters for the BED model (alpha/beta ratio, repair rates, partition coefficient) allows for the calculation of 3D BED distribution matrices from the 4D dose distribution matrices (combination of one 3D matrix per iso-centre).

Results: The processing time in MATLAB for a single 31×31×31 BED matrix calculation, as it is used in LGP for the physical dose, does not exceed 0.05 s on a regular laptop (Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ, 16 GB RAM). This was measured using the MATLAB built-in function timeit() for a 20-iso-centre treatment plan. The resulting BED distributions can be visualised side-by-side with the corresponding physical dose distribution.

Conclusions: Calculating the BED distribution for a given physical dose treatment plan could be implemented into the TPS to better estimate the effectiveness of a treatment and its dependence on parameters like the treatment time, the number, location and shape of iso-centres and their order of delivery. Since the additional computational cost is limited, the BED could be updated and visualised in real time, similar to the physical dose visualisation that is used in LGP now.

References:

[1] W. T. Millar et al., ‘The role of the concept of biologically effective dose (BED) in treatment planning in radiosurgery.’, Phys. Medica PM Int. J. Devoted Appl. Phys. Med. Biol. Off. J. Ital. Assoc. Biomed. Phys. AIFB, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 627–33, Sep. 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.04.008

[2] BED model on GitHub: https://github.com/klinge-th/modelBED


Thomas KLINGE (London, United Kingdom), Marc MODAT, Jamie MCCLELLAND, Alexis DIMITRIADIS, Ian PADDICK, John W. HOPEWELL, Neil KITCHEN, Sébastien OURSELIN
12:30 - 12:40 #17677 - c25-3 A linear programming approach to inverse planning in gamma knife radiosurgery.
c25-3 A linear programming approach to inverse planning in gamma knife radiosurgery.

Purpose:  The Leksell Gamma Knife® radiosurgery platform has excellent dose characteristics that admits the delivery of high quality plans. To utilize its full potential, a new inverse planning approach has been developed that both resolves the shortcomings of earlier approaches and unlocks new capabilities.

Methods: We present an inverse planning approach, where the isocenter positions are determined and fixed prior to the sector-duration optimization step, which is done using linear programming. In sector duration optimization irradiation times for each sector and collimator at each isocenter are the optimization variables. In the framework of  linear programming, we describe two methods for problem size reduction: dualization and representative subsampling. Furthermore, we propose an efficient penalization of beam-on-time promoting the total irradiation time of each sector to be equally long, which is advantageous since they can irradiate simultaneously.  We can constrain dose to organs at risk and we study the effect of beam-on time penalization on the trade-off between plan quality and beam-on time.

Results:  Compared to a naïve beam-on time penalization, we find that our efficient beam-on time penalization reduces the beam-on time by a factor 2-3. Both explicit dualization and representative subsampling lead to optimization time-savings by a factor 5-20. Overall, in a comparison on 75 clinical plans we find that it is always possible to find plans with similar coverage and better selectivity and beam-on time. In addition, in 44 of these cases, the plans have an improved gradient index. On a standard Leksell GammaPlan® workstation, the optimization times for typical cases are less than a minute. 

Conclusion: We present a combination of techniques that enables sector-duration optimization, which renders clinically acceptable plans, in a clinically feasible time frame. 


Stella RIAD, Jens SJOLUND, Haakan NORDSTROEM (Stockholm, Sweden), Haakan NORDSTROEM
12:40 - 12:50 #17803 - c25-5 Effects of variations in treatment time on clonogenic survival of V79 cells: Implications for Radiosurgery.
c25-5 Effects of variations in treatment time on clonogenic survival of V79 cells: Implications for Radiosurgery.

Purpose: The major importance of the effects, related to the repair of sublethal radiation damage - as treatment duration varies, are a current controversy in radiosurgery. Cell survival studies have been performed to verify the importance of this effect in relation to established models. 

Methods: Mammalian V79-4 cells were irradiated in vitro with γ-rays, either as an acute exposure, where the effects of sublethal irradiation damage repair can be ignored, or as protracted exposures over 15 – 120 min.  Protraction was achieved either by introducing a variable time gap between two doses of 7 Gy, or as a continuous exposure at lower dose rates so that a range of doses were delivered in fixed times of 30, 60 or 120 min. 

Results: For all doses there was a progressive reduction in efficacy with increasing overall treatment time. This was illustrated by the progressive increase in clonogenic cell survival with the progressive increase in exposure time, with a resulting shift of the cell survival curves.  Cell survival curves for irradiations given either as an acute exposure (6.1 Gy/min), over fixed times (30, 60 and 120 min) were well fitted by the LQ model, giving an α/β ratio of  4.0 Gy and because of the limited data set a single repair half-time of 31.5 min.

Conclusions: The present results are consistent with published data with respect to the response of solid tumors and normal tissues, whose response to both continuous and fractionated irradiation is also well described by the LQ model. This suggests the need for dose compensation in radio-surgical treatments, where dose is delivered over a similar range of protracted overall treatment times, perhaps as a prerequisite to full Biological Effective Dose treatment planning.


John W HOPEWELL (Oxford, United Kingdom), Steven HALLGREN, Mark A HILL, Ian PADDICK, James M THOMPSON, Amy ELLIOTT, Bleddyn JONES
12:50 - 13:00 #17749 - c25-5 Application of Machine Learning Techniques for Accurate Dose Verification of MLC-based Cyberknife SRS and SBRT.
c25-5 Application of Machine Learning Techniques for Accurate Dose Verification of MLC-based Cyberknife SRS and SBRT.

Objectives: Cyberknife treatments with Small and Irregular MLC-formed fields are widely used in SRS and SBRT. The current technique is to perform film or ion chamber measurements to confirm the dose accuracy, which is time-consuming and prone to errors. The purpose of this study is to apply state-of-the-art machine learning techniques for accurate dose verification of MLC-based SRS and SBRT treatments.

Methods: The commissioning and clinical measurement data were collected from our institution and the datasets were randomly split into training and testing data. The measured dose distributions were treated as outcomes of a deep neuro network (DNN) based estimator with inputs of different fields with detailed MLC positions. Dose results for different MLC fields were predicted using models trained with regularization added to the cost functions. The predicted dose distributions for small and irregular fields were evaluated using percentage relative error regarding measured data at the depth of 1.5cm and 5cm.

Results: The packages we used were Tensorflow and scikit-learn in python. With augmentation techniques, datasets of field sizes ranging from 7mm x 7mm up to 115mm x 100mm were tested for model training and dose output prediction. The dose of small and irregular SRS treatment field was accurately predicted with the proposed machine learning methods.  The mean relative error between the predicted and the measured dose is 0.11% with a maximum error of 0.4%.

Conclusions: The proposed method could potentially be used for dose reconstruction with recorded MLC and robot positions during the delivery which will shorten the patient QA time and enhance treatment efficacy. 


Bin HAN (Stanford, USA), Lei XING, Yong YANG, Scott SOLTYS, Lei WANG
13:00 - 13:10 #17759 - c25-6 Deep learning for tumor contouring in neuroradiosurgery: an evaluation of time savings.
c25-6 Deep learning for tumor contouring in neuroradiosurgery: an evaluation of time savings.

Target delineation is an important step in radiosurgery (RS)  treatment planning. Routinely the targets are delineated through slice-by-slice manual segmentation on MR images. This process is time-consuming, operator - dependent and could lead to treatment delays. The aim of this study was to investigate the speed up of the tumor delineation within the radiosurgery treatment planning using contours generated by a deep convolutional neural network (CNN).

The MR images of ten patients treated with Gamma Knife RS  were selected from routine clinical practice. The dataset consisted of four cases of meningioma, two cases of vestibular schwannoma and four cases of multiple brain metastases. We compared the times needed for two contouring techniques: manual delineation of the tumors and a user adjustment of the CNN generated contours of the tumors. The time spent on each task was recorded. The tasks were performed in Leksell Gamma Plan (version 11.1, Elekta AB) and iPlan (version 4.5, BrainLab) by four experts. The 3D - Unet architecture with residual connections, trained with custom loss function and sampling procedure [Krivov et al, 2018], optimized for metastases segmentation was used for automatic brain tumor segmentation. The automatic contours were generated within five seconds.  The time required to import these contours to the treatment planning systems was less than one minute.

The generated contours were acceptable with no or minor corrections.The total median time needed to delineate a tumor manually was 9.15 min. (ranged from 3.15 min. to 29.18 min). The median times saved were 6.54 min. (range 40 sec. - 17.06 min.), 2.16 min. (range 48 sec.- 8.20 min.), 9 min. (range 1 min. -  26 min.), 5.27 min. (range 3 min - 17.35 min) for User 1, User 2, User 3, User 4 respectively. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare results (p < 0.05, r > 0.6). On average, the automatic algorithm speeds up the process of the delineation in 2.30 times.

The usage of deep learning generated contours accelerates delineation more than twofold. Though the automatically generated contours were almost identical to the manual ones,  further investigation is needed to quantify these differences and compare it with inter-rater reliability.

1.   Krivov E. et al. Tumor Delineation For Brain RS by a ConvNet and Non-Uniform Patch Generation // 3rd Int. Workshop Patch - MI . 2018. 8p.


Alexandra DALECHINA (Moscow, Russia), Valery KOSTJUCHENKO, Egor KRIVOV, Boris SHIROKIKH, Alexey SHEVTSOV, Mikhail BELYAEV, Andrey GOLANOV, Mikhail GALKIN, Amayak DURGARYAN, Ivan OSINOV

13:00
13:00 - 14:30 LUNCH (exhibition area), VISIT OF THE EXHIBITION & POSTERS
13:15
13:15-14:15
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B26
ELEKTA SPONSORED SESSION
Precision Radiation Medicine: Moments that Matter

ELEKTA SPONSORED SESSION
Precision Radiation Medicine: Moments that Matter

13:15 - 13:20 Welcome and Introduction. Aaron OAKS (Vice President Marketing) (PLATINUM PARTNERS, France)
13:20 - 13:35 Elekta Unity™ Installation and Initial Clinical Usage at the University of Iowa. Mark SMITH (PLATINUM PARTNERS, Iowa City, USA)
13:35 - 13:50 Managing the Increasing Demand for Intracranial Radiosurgery Treatments in an integrated Oncology and Neurosurgical Setting. Matthew FOOTE (Deputy Director / Co-Director) (PLATINUM PARTNERS, Brisbane, Australia)
13:50 - 14:05 4D Image Guidance and Other Motion Management Techniques for Lung SBRT. Farkhad MANAPOV (PLATINUM PARTNERS, Munich, Germany)
14:05 - 14:15 Discussion.

14:30
14:30-15:30
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A27
PARALLEL SESSION
BENIGN BRAIN TUMORS UPDATE

PARALLEL SESSION
BENIGN BRAIN TUMORS UPDATE

Moderators: Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Leonardo FRIGHETTO (Neurosurgeon) (Passo Fundo, Brazil), Eduardo LOVO IGLESIAS (Brain and Spine Radiosurgery Program) (San Salvador, El Salvador)
14:30 - 14:45 Long Term Outcomes. Zhiyuan XU (Gamma Knife) (Speaker, Charlottesville, USA)
14:45 - 15:00 Combination Therapy. Bruce POLLOCK (Physician) (Speaker, Rochester, USA)
15:00 - 15:15 Repeat Radiosurgery. Gus BEUTE (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Tilburg, The Netherlands)
15:15 - 15:30 Is Earlier Better? Jean REGIS (PROFESSEUR) (Speaker, MARSEILLE, France)

14:30-15:30
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B27
PARALLEL SESSION
SPINE

PARALLEL SESSION
SPINE

Moderators: Lilyana ANGELOV (Staff Neurosurgeon) (Cleveland, USA), Lucas Ignacio CAUSSA (MD) (Córdoba, Argentina), Scott SOLTYS (ISRS 2023) (Stanford, CA, USA)
14:30 - 14:40 Patient Selection for Spine SBRT. Matthew FOOTE (Deputy Director / Co-Director) (Speaker, Brisbane, Australia)
14:40 - 14:50 Status of clinical trials for de novo metastases. Samuel RYU (Professor) (Speaker, Stony Brook, NY, USA)
14:50 - 15:00 Re-irradiation Spine SBRT. Sten MYREHAUG (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Toronto, Canada)
15:00 - 15:10 Consensus Contouring Guidelines for Spine SRS. Kristin J REDMOND (Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences) (Speaker, Baltimore, MD, USA)
15:10 - 15:20 Radiation for spinal chordoma. Scott SOLTYS (ISRS 2023) (Speaker, Stanford, CA, USA)
15:20 - 15:30 Radiosurgery for Benign Pathologies. Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Speaker, Madrid, Spain)

14:30-15:30
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C27
Oral Session
METASTASES #2a

Oral Session
METASTASES #2a

Moderators: Luis Gustavo GUIMARÃES (Brazil), Harley OLIVEIRA (Brazil), John SUH (Radiation Oncologist) (Cleveland, USA)
14:30 - 14:40 #17621 - c27-1 Clinical risk assessment score to estimate the likelihood of pseudoprogression versus tumor recurrence following stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases.
c27-1 Clinical risk assessment score to estimate the likelihood of pseudoprogression versus tumor recurrence following stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases.

Objective: A major challenge in the follow-up of patients managed with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases (BM) is to differentiate pseudoprogression (PP) from tumor recurrence (TR). A clinical score based on tumor and treatment related factors would be valuable when selecting appropriate treatment.

Material and methods: Follow-up images of 97 consecutive patients treated with SRS for 406 BM were analyzed. Of these 100 (24.6 %) BM in 48 (49.5 %) patients responded either with TR (delayed growth; 53 (13.1 %) BM) or PP (temporary volume increase; 47 (11.5 %) BM). Differences between the 2 groups were analyzed and used to develop a PP risk assessment score (PP-RAS).

Results: Significant factors associated with a higher incidence of PP versus TR were: prior radiation SRS or WBRT (p = 0.001, π = 13.7), target cover ratio > 98 % (p = 0.031, π = 4.7), BM volume ≤ 2cc (or BM ≤ 1.5 cm in diameter, p = 0.039, π = 4.3), and primary lung cancer vs. other primaries (p = 0.084, π = 3.0). Based on the presence (0) or not (1) of these 5 parameters, a risk assessment score for PP versus TR was established. A PP-RAS score of 0 corresponds with high likelihood of PP vs. TR, whereas a score of 5 corresponds with a high risk of TR.

A score of ≤ 1 point was associated with 100 % PP, 2 points with 57 % PP  and 43 % TR, 3 points with 57 % TR and 43 % PP, whereas ≥ 4 points were associated with 84 % TR and 16 % PP , π=24.6, df =4, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Based on 5 readily available parameters at the time of SRS our risk assessment score could robustly differentiate between PP versus growth following SRS. The score is user-friendly, intuitive and cost-free. It may be a useful tool to guide the decision making whether to retreat or observe at appropriate follow-up intervals.


Bente Sandvei SKEIE (Bergen, Norway), Per Øyvind ENGER, Paal-Henning PEDERSEN, Jan Ingemann HEGGDAL, Geir Olve SKEIE
14:40 - 14:50 #17641 - c27-2 Single-fraction versus hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for medium-sized (2.5 to 3 cm) brain metastases.
c27-2 Single-fraction versus hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for medium-sized (2.5 to 3 cm) brain metastases.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) specifically in treating medium-sized brain metastases (BMs) of 2.5 to 3 cm compared with single-fraction SRS.

Between 2011 and 2015, a total of 100 patients with newly diagnosed BMs (n=105) of 2.5 to 3 cm had been treated with either single-fraction SRS using the Gamma Knife (GK; n=67; median 58 years) or hypofractionated SRS using the CyberKnife (CK; n=38; median 64 years) at our institution. Primary cancers originated from the lung (n=56, 53.3%), the breast (n=22, 21.0%), the gastrointestinal tract (n=14, 13.3%), and others (n=13, 12.4%). A median marginal dose 21 Gy (range, 18-23 Gy) was delivered for single-fraction GK and a median cumulative dose 35 Gy (range, 27-41 Gy) was delivered in median 5 daily fractions (range, 3-5 fractions) for hypofractionated CK. None of the patients received any prior or upfront whole brain radiotherapy. In each patient, treatment outcome was measured by local tumor control (LTC), overall and progression-free survival (OS and PFS), and the occurrence of radionecrosis (RN).

With a median follow-up of 14 months (3-59 months), significant differences were observed in the incidence of RN (29.9% versus 5.3%, P=0.004) and LTC (LTC rates at 1 year 66.6% versus 92.4%, P=0.035) between the single-fraction versus hypofractionated SRS groups. There were no differences in PFS (median 6 months versus 6 months, P=0.368) and OS (median 13 months versus 18 months, P=0.234) between the groups. Treatment related adverse events (≥ grade 2 toxicity by CTCAE ver 4.0) were more frequently occurred in single-fraction group than hypofractionated group, but the difference was not statistically significant (56.3% versus 36.1%, P=0.084).

These findings suggest a better safety and efficacy profile of hypofractionated SRS compared with single-fraction SRS for the treatment of medium-sized BMs. Further prospective studies are needed to address definitive conclusions.


Young Hyun CHO (SEOUL, Korea), Kyoungjun YOON, Eun Suk PARK, Do Hee LEE, Do Hoon KWON
14:50 - 15:00 #17662 - c27-3 Multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery in giant brain oligometastases.
c27-3 Multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery in giant brain oligometastases.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of multi-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery(MF-SRS) in patients with giant oligometastatic brain metastases.

Methods: All patients with giant (defined as ≥20 cm3) brain oligometastases who had been referred for MF-SRS at the Huashan Hospital between July 2009 until December 2016 were identified. The radiosurgical dose, isodose curve and fraction selection were based on various factors including tumor volume, tumor characteristic, location and original pathology. The BED of MF-SRS was higher than 40 Gy, corresponding to a single dose of about 16 Gy. All patients had routine clinical and radiologic follow-up at 30 days next to the last fraction and then 3-month intervals. Overall survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analyses were performed with the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model.

Results: Between July 2009 and December 2016, 27 patients with 29 intracranial giant metastases were included in this study.The radiosurgical margin dose (median 30 Gy, range 26.1–36 Gy) was prescribed at an isodose curve of 64%–75% (median 68%) with multiple fractions (median 3 fractions, range 3-5), targeting a median tumor volume of 35.51 cm3 (range, 20.7-98.1 cm3). The overall median survival time (MST) was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 66.7%, 43.7%, and 23.6%, respectively.Local tumor control rates were 85.7%, 66.9% and 50.2% at 1-, 2-, and 3-year, respectively.On multivariate analysis extracranial metastasis (p = 0.021, HR: 3.76, 95% CI:1.22–11.56), was confirmed as associated with worsened overall survival.The median KPS improved significantly from 40 to 70 (p<0.05, paired t test).No patient obtained a worsened KPS.

Conlusion: MF-SRS is a safe and effective option for patients with giant brain oligometastases and poor performance status.  Prospective studies are required to confirm the findings in this study.


Hua Guang ZHU (Shanghai, China), Xin WANG, Enmin WANG
15:00 - 15:10 #17688 - c27-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery as primary management of intracranial germ cell metastases.
c27-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery as primary management of intracranial germ cell metastases.

Purpose/Objectives: Brain metastases from germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and mainly occur in young men whose functional status is otherwise unimpaired. Standard of care in GCT patients with brain metastases remains WBRT, but radiation-induced neurocognitive deficits have been reported in patients with germ cell metastases to the brain treated with whole brain radiation (WBRT). To the authors’ knowledge, there are no published reports evaluating the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as the primary treatment of GCT brain metastases. We hypothesize that SRS alone is a feasible alternative for the treatment of limited GCT brain metastases.

Materials/Methods: The records of 14 male patients with various GCT histologies treated between 2012 and 2017 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. All of the patients received gammaknife radiosurgery without WBRT. Two of the patients underwent SRS to a post-surgical resection cavity.

Results: The median follow-up of the cohort was 24 months (range 1-50 months) with a median age of 29 years (range, 17-56) and a median of 1.5 (range, 1-7) lesions treated. The 1-year OS was 71% with a median survival of 23 months. There were no local recurrences among the SRS-treated lesions resulting in a 1-year LC of 100%. Only one neurologically related death occurred, leading to a neuro-specific mortality rate of 7%. A total of 35% of patients experienced distant brain recurrence at a median time of 2.7 months, which resulted in a 1-year distant brain control of 71%. Of the 5 patients with distant failure, 3 were successfully salvaged with repeat SRS treatment without additional relapse on follow-up imaging. Only one patient received salvage WBRT 19 months post initial SRS, leading to a 2-year WBRT free survival of 93%.

Conclusions: Given that GCT brain metastases are often limited in number, and mainly affect young men with good functional status, avoidance of WBRT may provide control of intracranial disease with the goal of preserving neurocognitive function in these young patients. Our preliminary results suggest that SRS may safely replace WBRT as an initial treatment of choice patients with GCT brain metastases.


Moaaz SOLIMAN, Yan WANG, Ahsan FAROOQI, Andrew BISHOP, Debra YEBOA, Kristina WOODHOUSE, Susan MCGOVERN, Tina BRIERE, Caroline CHUNG, Mary MCALEER, Matthew CAMPBELL, Shi-Ming TU, Yago NIETO, Ganesh RAO, Sherise FERGUSON, Jing LI (Houston, USA)
15:10 - 15:20 #17818 - c27-5 Outcomes after 2-fractions dose-staged Gammaknife Surgery for large or brainstem located metastases.
c27-5 Outcomes after 2-fractions dose-staged Gammaknife Surgery for large or brainstem located metastases.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome after 2 fraction dose stage gammaknife radiosurgery (GKS) for large brain metastases.

Methods: A total of 53 large brain metastases in 42 patients were treated by 2 fraction dose stage GKS. The inclusion criterion was “large” brainstem located lesions or large lesions with a 12 Gy isodose volume of normal brain parenchyma exceeding 10 cm3. The mean tumor volume for the first ones was 4.4 cm3, for the latter ones was 12.7 cm3. For both fractions, the prescription margin dose was 12Gy on the 50% isodose line, with 2 weeks between them. Local control failure was define as an increase of more than 20% between initial and last tumor volume. The primary cancer was melanoma (8), pulmonary (19), breast (8), kidney (2), other (5). The mean age was 62 years old (31-88). The median Karnofsky score was 90. Nine patients had GPA (0-1), 20 patients had GPA (1.5-2), 7 patients had GPA (2.5-3), 6 patients had GPA (3.5-4).

Results: At the second fraction, mean tumor volume was 8.2 cm3. The mean percentage of volume variation for decreasing lesions was 29%. Only 3 lesions increased their volume. At last follow-up, mean tumor volume was 6.0 cm3; 46 lesions decreased volume with a mean percentage of volume variation of 68%; only 7 lesions increased volume. There was a significant correlation (p=0.05) regarding volume variation between 1rst and 2nd GKS and between 1rst GKS and last follow-up. Rate local control at 6 months and 1 year was 87.3% and 68.3% respectively. The rate of adverse radiation effect (ARE) was 14.3%. No predictive factor of local control or ARE was found in an univariate analysis.

Conclusion: The new 2-fraction-dose-staged GKS concept seems to be a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for large BMs.


Pierre-Yves BORIUS (Paris), Aymeric AMELOT, Eli BOUSTANY, Jean Jacques MAZERON, Charles Ambroise VALERY
15:20 - 15:30 #17858 - c27-6 Randomized phase III trial comparing gamma knife and linac based (EDGE) approaches for brain metastases radiosurgery: results from the Gadget trial.
c27-6 Randomized phase III trial comparing gamma knife and linac based (EDGE) approaches for brain metastases radiosurgery: results from the Gadget trial.

Introduction: Brain metastases (BMs) from solid tumors represent a topic of increasing interest for the higher incidence in the last years. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is the main effective local therapeutic approach used. We draw a phase III trial comparing Gammaknife (GK) and Linac based (Edge) SRS.

Materials and Methods: Patients with a maximum of 4 BMs up to ≤30 mm were included. Randomization was stratified according to age, presence of extracranial metastases, and number of BMs. For Arm A (GK) single dose of 20-24 Gy at 50% isodose was prescribed. For Arm B single dose of 24 Gy was prescribed to PTV. Radionecrosis was assessed mismatching T1/T2 MRI images, perfusion MRI, and in doubt cases Methionine-CT/PET.

Results: From October 2014 to September 2018, 202 patients for 354 BMs treated were included, 96 in Arm A and 106 in Arm B, for 182 and 172 metastases, respectively.  RN occurred in 28 (7.8%) cases, 12 in Arm A and 16 in Arm B; grade II in 9 cases of GK arm at a median time of 7 months and in 15 cases of Edge arm at a median time of 9 months; grade III RN was recorded in 4 cases, in 3 of GK arm, at a median time of 3 months, and in 1 of Edge arm at 37.5 months. The 12, and 18  months local control (LC) rates were 98.8% and 90.9% for arm  and 96.2% and 96.2% for Arm B (p=0.96).  The median, 12, and 18 months OS rates were 17.8  months, 74.1%, and 48.9%. The volume of BMs was impacting on radionecrosis occurrence (p value=0.005; p value=0.03).

Conclusions: Gamma-knife and LINAC based SRS for BMs were comparable in terms of LC. The occurrence of GIII radionecrosis was greater and earlier in the GK arm respect to Edge arm.


Ciro FRANZESE (Milano, Italy), Pierina NAVARRIA, Elena CLERICI, Ilaria RENNA, Salvatore COZZI, Piero PICOZZI, Pietro MANCOSU, Stefano TOMATIS, Marta SCORSETTI

15:30
15:30-16:30
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A28
Oral Session
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA #1

Oral Session
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA #1

Moderators: Steven CHANG (Member) (Stanford, USA), Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Lausanne, Switzerland), Jânio NOGUEIRA (Brazil)
15:30 - 15:40 #17683 - a28-2 Gamma knife radiosurgery for residual and recurrent vestibular schwannomas after previous surgery: clinical results in a series of 90 patients and review of the literature.
a28-2 Gamma knife radiosurgery for residual and recurrent vestibular schwannomas after previous surgery: clinical results in a series of 90 patients and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Complete removal of vestibular schwannomas (VS) is not always achievable without any risk of disabling postoperative complications, especially in terms of facial nerve function. Moreover, even after gross total removal, a relevant rate of recurrence has been reported. The aim of this study is to validate Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as an effective strategy to treat tumor regrowth after previous surgery.

METHODS: Ninety patients treated with GKRS for VS after previous microsurgery were included in the present study. GKRS was performed at a median of 31 months (range, 4-174 months) postoperatively. Mean tumor volume was 3.35 cm3 (median, 2.5 cm3; range, 0.027-13 cm3) and median marginal dose was 13 Gy.

RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 77.2 months, tumor control was achieved in 90% of patients: 2 patients underwent repeated GKRS, and 7 patients underwent further microsurgery. Tumor shrinkage at last follow-up was recorded in 80.3% of cases. The complication rate was low and many consisted of a transient worsening of preexisting symptoms. The overall incidence of persisting facial nerve deficit and trigeminal nerve impairment was, in both cases, 3.3%. Two of 5 patients (40%) preserved functional hearing at last follow-up. One patient (1.1%) underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting 12 months after GKRS.

CONCLUSIONS: GKRS is a safe and effective treatment for growing residual and recurrent VSs, with tumor control obtained in 90% of cases and a low morbidity rate. Moreover, the possibility of treating patients with major medical comorbidities constitutes a significant advantage over repeated surgery.


Michele BAILO (Milan, Italy), Nicola BOARI, Filippo GAGLIARDI, Martina PILONI, Alfio SPINA, Marco GEMMA, Antonella DEL VECCHIO, Angelo BOLOGNESI, Pietro MORTINI
15:40 - 15:50 #17698 - a28-3 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the management of intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas: experiences of a single high-volume center.
a28-3 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the management of intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas: experiences of a single high-volume center.

OBJECTIVE According to literature, gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) is a promising method for intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma (IVS) management, providing excellent tumor growth control rates (91-100%) and good hearing preservation rates (41-76%), but this evidence originates primarily from small series of patients. The aim of this study was to present the outcomes of GKS in the largest group of patients with IVS that has been studied to date, with particular emphasis on the long-term outcomes of the treatment.

METHODS The study included 112 consecutive patients with unilateral IVS, who underwent GKS in 2011-2014. Mean age of the patients was 50±14.6 years. All patients were operated on with a 192-source cobalt-60 gamma knife unit. All patients had complete follow-up documentation and mean duration of the follow-up was 42±11.8 months (range 6-69 months). Neurological status (facial and trigeminal nerve function) and hearing (vestibulocochlear nerve function) were determined prior to GKS, immediately after the procedure and during the follow-up visits. In order to maximize neurological safety of radiosurgery authors have proposed new concept of directional gradient index (DGI).

RESULTS Tumor growth control was obtained in 104/112 (92.8%) patients. At the end of the follow-up, 24 patients presented with hearing improvement, whereas 76 patients presented with a stable hearing, and 12 showed deterioration of hearing (>20 dB). Four patients developed facial nerve dysfunction including in 3 periodic hemifacial spasm and 1 partial paresis which resolved spontaneously within 12 months of GKS. None of the operated patients showed new, debilitating neurological deficits including trigeminal sensory disturbances.

CONCLUSIONS GKS is a highly effective treatment for IVS, associated with low morbidity and good tumor growth control. Highly conformal planning with steep dose falloff at organs-at-risk is crucial for the best facial and hearing outcome. The results of this study imply that GKS is superior to the “wait-and-see” strategy and may constitute a good alternative for conventional surgical resection of IVS.


Sebastian DZIERZECKI (Warsaw, Poland), Grzegorz TUREK, Katarzyna DYTTUS-CEBULOK, Maciej HARAT, Miroslaw ZABEK
15:50 - 16:00 #17730 - a28-4 Basic pretreatment RADIOMIC features to predict SRS outcome of vestibular schwannomas.
a28-4 Basic pretreatment RADIOMIC features to predict SRS outcome of vestibular schwannomas.

Objectives:

To search for parameters of routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to predict tumor volume reduction and transient versus permanent tumor progression of vestibular schwannomas treated by Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery.

 

Material and methods:

Included were 24 patients with vestibular schwannomas treated in our center and followed over a period of 21.9 to 80.3 months (mean 41.8). MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla scanner and included T1-weigheted images with and without contrast enhancement, T2-weighted and FLAIR images. Volumetric results measured on the Gamma Plan workstation were followed longitudinally over time and correlated to basic RADIOMIC features as mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of corresponding signals taken from regions of interest covering the total tumor volume, and were normalized with parameters measured from volumes of the corpus callosum.

 

Results:

The most significant correlation between imaging parameters and reduction of tumor volume per month was found as minimum of normalized T2 values (CC=-0.640) followed by the standard deviation of T2 values (CC=0.574), both p<0.05 after correction for False Discovery Rate (FDR). 15 tumors showed progression after treatment, which was permanent in only 2 cases, but transient in 13 cases, whereas 9 tumors regressed immediately after SRS. Kurtosis of T2 turned out to predict progression with a sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 78%. A trend of macro-cystic tumors towards higher regression rates was observed, as expected from previous studies.

 

Conclusions:

Prediction of unfavorable transient or permanent volumetric changes of schwannomas after GKRS could help to consider alternative treatment strategies, mainly in large tumors, where further clinical deterioration cannot be excluded. To confirm these results and to work out predictive parameters differentiating between pseudo-progression and permanent enlargement, a prospective study including more cases and a longer follow-up period is necessary.


Herwin SPECKTER (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), Jairo SANTANA, Jose BIDO, Giancarlo HERNANDEZ, Diones RIVERA, Luis SUAZO, Santiago VALENZUELA, Peter STOETER
16:00 - 16:10 #17764 - a28-5 Predictability of transient tumor enlargement following gamma knife radiosurgery on vestibular schwannoma.
a28-5 Predictability of transient tumor enlargement following gamma knife radiosurgery on vestibular schwannoma.

Introduction
Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a well-established treatment for small- to medium-sized vestibular schwannomas (VS). However, this treatment is controversial for larger VS. One of its drawbacks is that VS can present a radiation-induced transient tumor enlargement (TTE). For larger VS, such a swelling may cause symptoms related to mass effect, necessitating microsurgery. Currently, it is not possible to predict this adverse effect. We evaluated the predictability of TTE by quantitatively analyzing the tumor appearance on MRI. The goal is to determine the optimal treatment strategy, i.e. radiosurgery or microsurgery, on an individual basis.

Methods
From our database, patients with large VS (>4cc) and minimum follow-up of three years, were identified. The TTE classification was based on evaluation of MRI scans at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, according to strict volumetric criteria. We evaluated the influence of MRI tumor texture characteristics on TTE. These texture characteristics were quantified by calculating features based on gray-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM), computed on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRIs. Correlation was determined between these characteristics and TTE using machine-learning methods.

Results
Between 2002 and 2015, 795 VS patients received GKRS as primary treatment at our center. The strict criteria for TTE and non-TTE led to the inclusion of 67 patients, of which 26 exhibited TTE. By employing GLCM-based features, we developed a model to predict TTE. We obtained a prediction sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 79%, respectively, using Support Vector Machines. These results improved for larger tumor volumes, i.e. in 7cc or larger, the results obtained were 85% and 87%, respectively.

Conclusion
Results from this research clearly show that MRI differences in VS tumor texture can be exploited to predict TTE in large VS. The developed prediction model can lead to an optimal treatment strategy selection on an individual basis.


Patrick LANGENHUIZEN (Tilburg, The Netherlands), Sander SEBREGTS, Svetlana ZINGER, Sieger LEENSTRA, Patrick HANSSENS, Peter DE WITH, Jeroen VERHEUL
16:10 - 16:20 #17856 - a28-6 Gamma Knife radiosurgery following partial resection of large vestibular schwannomas: evaluation of long-term tumor control.
a28-6 Gamma Knife radiosurgery following partial resection of large vestibular schwannomas: evaluation of long-term tumor control.

Introduction

Recently, we have reported the influence of pretreatment growth rates on Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) of vestibular schwannomas (VS): fast growing tumors are less likely to obtain tumor control.1 This indicates that biological aspects intrinsic to VS are influencing the GKRS treatment outcome. Also, various papers have reported that GKRS treatment for large VS is significantly less effective compared to small-to-medium-sized VS. These findings suggest that large VS may have biological properties similar to those of fast-growing VS. To evaluate this, we assessed the long-term GKRS tumor control of remnants of large VS after partial resection. Furthermore, we compared this to the outcome of large tumors (>10cc) that were not resected, but received primary GKRS.

Methods

Patients with a minimum follow-up of 4 years were included. Loss of tumor control was defined as radiological progression. All patients were uniformly treated according to protocol. We employed Kaplan-Meier survival analyses to determine differences in tumor control probability rates following GKRS between small-to-medium-sized VS and large VS, either after partial resection or after primary GKRS treatment.

Results

In our center, 736 patients received primary GKRS treatment, while 77 patients were first subjected to partial resection. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed significantly lower tumor control rates for large tumors, both after partial resection and after primary treatment, compared to the small-to-medium-sized VS (log-rank, p<0.001). The obtained 10-year tumor control rates were 78.5%, 73.6%, and 89.7%, respectively. These control rates observed in large VS are even worse than the rates observed in fast growing small-to-medium-sized tumors (85.1%).1

Conclusions

Results from this research clearly show that tumor control rates of large VS, either after partial resection or primary treatment, show lower tumor control rates following GKRS. The survival curves of these tumors resemble the curve of extremely fast growing VS, suggesting that the intrinsic tumor biology is indeed an important factor influencing tumor control rates of VS after GKRS.

References

1. Langenhuizen PPJH, Zinger S, Hanssens PEJ, Kunst HPM, Mulder JJS, Leenstra S, et al. (2018). Influence of pretreatment growth rate on Gamma Knife treatment response for vestibular schwannoma: a volumetric analysis. J Neurosurg, ,1-8.


Patrick LANGENHUIZEN (Tilburg, The Netherlands), Victor FU, Svetlana ZINGER, Sieger LEENSTRA, Patrick HANSSENS, Peter DE WITH, Jeroen VERHEUL

15:30-16:30
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B28
Oral Session
SPINE

Oral Session
SPINE

Moderators: Sebastiao CORREA (RADIO-Oncologist) (São Paulo, Brazil), Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Madrid, Spain)
15:30 - 15:40 #17631 - b28-1 Phase I study of spinal cord constraint relaxation with single session spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) in the primary management in patients with inoperable, previously irradiated metastastic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC).
b28-1 Phase I study of spinal cord constraint relaxation with single session spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) in the primary management in patients with inoperable, previously irradiated metastastic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC).

Objectives:  We seek to establish the feasibility of using salvage SSRS allowing for spinal cord dose constraint relaxation as the primary management of MESCC in inoperable patients monitoring for radiation related toxicity and radiographic local control (LC).

Methods: Patients with MESCC in the thoracic spine deemed inoperable with a history of radiation at the site of interest at least 3 months prior were enrolled on this prospective Phase 1 single institution protocol.  Single fraction SSRS was delivered to a prescription dose of 18 Gy.  Spinal cord constraint relaxation was performed from an initial allowable Dmax cohort of 8 Gy only if tumor progression (TP) occurred.  If the risk of radiation induced spinal cord myelopathy (RM) remained lower than the risk of TP, then the cord Dmax was elevated in 2 Gy increments to a maximum of 14 Gy in the final planned cohort. Patients were monitored every 3 months with follow-up visits and MRI scans.  The planned accrual was 32 patients.

Results:  The trial was closed early due to slow accrual.  From 2011 to 2014, 9 patients received SSRS on the trial of which 5 were in the 8 Gy cord Dmax cohort and 4 in the 10 Gy cord Dmax cohort.  The most common histology was adenocarcinoma of the lung (n=3).  The median age was 58 years (range 39-68 years).  At baseline, 4 patients had MESCC Grade 2 disease, 2 patients had MESCC Grade 1C disease and 2 patients had MESCC Grade 1B disease. 

The median overall survival was 8.4 months (95% CI 6.1, 10.7 months).  The 1-year KM estimated OS was 33%.  Of the 9 patients treated with SSRS, 1 died prior to post-SSRS evaluation.  Of the remaining 8 patients, 5 experienced a local failure.  Three of the five were treated with surgery while two received systemic therapy.  Two of the five failures ultimately resulted on loss of neurologic function.  The KM estimated median LC was 8.1 months (95%CI 5.5, 10.7 months).  With a median clinical follow-up of 7.2 months (range 1.1-28.5 months), there were no cases of RM.

Conclusions: SSRS is a safe tool for previously irradiated patients with inoperable MESCC.  Despite the limited life expectancy in this high-risk cohort of patients, strategies to optimize local control are necessary to prevent neurologic deterioration. Larger prospective trials exploring optimal dose/fractionation and cord constraints are required.


Amol GHIA (Houston, USA), Nandita GUHA-THAKURTA, Kenneth HESS, Stephen SETTLE, Erik SULMAN, Hadley SHARP, Mary Francis MCALEER, Jing LI, Xin WANG, Eric CHANG, Claudio TATSUI, Paul BROWN, Lawrence RHINES
15:40 - 15:50 #17685 - b28-2 PREST: Pain REduction with bone metastases STereotactic radiotherapy: A phase III randomized multicentric trial.
b28-2 PREST: Pain REduction with bone metastases STereotactic radiotherapy: A phase III randomized multicentric trial.

Objectives Palliative antalgic treatments represent an issue for clinical management and a challenge for scientific research. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a central role. Techniques such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) were largely investigated in several phase 2 studies with good symptom response at 3 months, becoming widely adopted.The efficacy of standard RT for pain management is consolidated. Still is lacking evidence from randomized, direct comparison of RT and SBRT. Methods The PREST trial primarily investigates efficacy of SBRT in pain control versus standard RT. IMRT-Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB) approach was adopted. Personalization of treatment is included in pt selection: performed by both prognosis prediction through a clinically validated prognostic score (Mizumoto prognostic score) and adequate spinal stability is defined according to Spine Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS). Mandatory MRI of the spinal tract is required for planning and imaging response, at baseline and 3 month after treatment. Results The PREST trial (NCT03597984) was designed as an interventional study without medicinal, randomized 1:1, open-label, multicentric, phase 3. It enrols pt with painful (Numeric Rating Scale -NRS- <4) spinal bone metastases. Pt at expected prognosis superior to 6 months according to the Mizumoto prognostic score, and SINS sores ConclusionThe PREST trial will provide insight on efficacy of an hypofractionated SBRT IMRT-SIB in pain control respect to a standard fractionation. Preliminary results will be available on May 2019.


Valeria MASIELLO, Stefania MANFRIDA, Ernesto MARANZANO, Paolo MUTO, Silvia CHIESA, Stefano PERGOLIZZI, Francesco DEODATO, Savino CILLA, Vincenzo VALENTINI, Francesco CELLINI (Rome, Italy)
15:50 - 16:00 #17694 - b28-3 RADIOSURGERY IN SPINE TUMORS, COMBINE TREATMENT.
b28-3 RADIOSURGERY IN SPINE TUMORS, COMBINE TREATMENT.

As far as in surgery, in the last decade ,the evolution of technology in Radiotheraphy give us the posibility to treat successfully spine tomors, beningn and malignant one.

We have transfere all our knowledge and experience about brain radiosurgery in spine and medulla tumor pathiology. It is clear that the spine and medulla are diferente, we have diferent anatomic structure, different constrains, different way of localization of the target and we have to use a special technology to treat those lessions.

The introduction of Cybeknife,Tomotheraphy, GammKnife Icon, high level Linac make posible with some kind of difference to treat quite well.

From 2011 we began to treat spine tumors in the Cyberknife Unit of Genescare Madrid, we have a long term follow up, 5-6 years with very good tumor control, 98% in bening tumors. 30 patient median follow-up 5 years, 16 neurinomas, 10 meningiomas, 4 Chordomas.

In the majority of the cases we make combine treatment, surgery and Radiosurgery, to separete the tumor from the medulla and to give us the posibility of correct treatmen The doses use was 3x7 Gy and 14 Gy for meningioma, 3x6  and 12-13 Gy for neurinoma. we found no toxicty grade II RTOG.


Kita SALLABANADA DIAZ (Madrid, Spain), Rafel GARCIA, Iciar SANTAOLALIA
16:00 - 16:10 #17729 - b28-4 Management of chordomas: an evolving paradigm shift from a Brazilian tertiary center.
b28-4 Management of chordomas: an evolving paradigm shift from a Brazilian tertiary center.

Background: Chordoma is a rare neoplasm arising from cellular remnants of the notochord. In Brazil, most surgeons consider aggressive surgery as the only curative treatment option. Patients are referred to Radiation Therapy (RT) with palliative intent.

Objective: To report local control (LC) and survival of chordoma patients treated with Radiation Therapy at ICESP, a tertiary referral cancer center in Brazil.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of chordoma treated in a Multidisciplinary Chordoma Management Program with high dose image guided, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).

Results: From July 2014 to June 2018, 13 patients were treated (IG-IMRT n=9; SRS n=4).  Median age was 58 years (range 37-73 y). Median Gross Tumor Volume for IG-IMRT was 75.5 cc (range 2.5-1471.2 cc) and for SRS was 88.5 cc (range 33.1-316.2 cc). Median dose was 78Gy/39fx for IG-IMRT and 24Gy/1fx for SRS. Location was as follows: sacrum n=9; cervical spine n=3; clivus + cavernous sinus n=1; lumbar spine n=1. 2y-LC was 80% (1 local failure), 2-y regional failure-free survival was 58%, and 2-y distant metastasis-free survival was 91%. 2-y cause specific survival was 92%.   

Conclusion: Chordoma patients managed by a multidiciplinary expert team with high dose RT can achieve excellent local control and survival.

 


Andre CHEN (Sao Paulo, Brazil), Douglas NARAZAKI, Virginio RUBIN, Bruno ALBARICCI, Hugo STERMAN, Sergio GONCALVES, Alexandre CRISTANTE, William TEIXEIRA
16:10 - 16:20 #17855 - b28-5 Estimation of achievable control probabilities of microscopic disease of the epidural space in spinal stereotactic body radiation therapy.
b28-5 Estimation of achievable control probabilities of microscopic disease of the epidural space in spinal stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Local recurrence for spinal stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) often occurs in the epidural space immediately adjacent to the planning target volume (PTV). It is unknown if a clinically significant reduction in local recurrence could be achieved safely by imposing dose coverage on the epidural space near the PTV. The purpose of this study is to theoretically investigate the achievable dose coverage and control probability for the epidural space, using the linear-quadratic model of cell survival undergoing radiation. Previous spinal SBRT cases were retrospectively replanned for analysis in this study. For each case, a contour was drawn of the subset of the epidural space next to the PTV for targeting. These cases were re-planned using three coplanar volumetric modulated arc therapy beams centered on the PTV with collimator angles of 0, 45, and 315 degrees.  Prescriptions for the new plans were 1800 cGy to the PTV in one fraction, with the D95% and D5% PTV constraints being 1750 cGy and 1950 cGy, respectively. The D10% and Dmax spinal cord constraints were 1000 cGy and 1400 cGy, respectively. Priority was given to the spinal cord constraints when the objectives could not all be met. The resulting plans yielded dose-volume histograms, which were used for estimating control probabilities. An approximate alpha/beta value of 3 was taken from previous studies, and clonogen density in the epidural space was conservatively estimated to be at most 10,000 cells/cc. The average achievable epidural space D95% is about 13 Gy +/- 1 Gy, while the achievable control probabilities are all greater than 99%. These results suggest that a clinically significant dose can be delivered to the epidural space while preserving spinal cord constraints. A clinical trial is needed to confirm the clinical significance of this coverage.


P. James JENSEN, John KIRKPATRICK, Scott FLOYD, Jordan TOROK (Durham, NC, USA), C. Rory GOODWIN, Elizabeth HOWELL, Will GILES, Fang-Fang YIN, Q. Jackie WU

15:30-16:30
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C28
Oral Session
METASTASES #2b

Oral Session
METASTASES #2b

Moderators: Lilyana ANGELOV (Staff Neurosurgeon) (Cleveland, USA), Sergio DANTAS (Neurosurgeon) (Natal, Brazil), Yoshiaysu IWAI (Neurosurgery, Radiosurgery) (Osaka, Japan)
15:30 - 15:40 #16803 - c28-1 The Effect of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery on Large Posterior Fossa Metastases (LPFM) and the associated peritumoral edema and 4th ventricle volume.
c28-1 The Effect of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery on Large Posterior Fossa Metastases (LPFM) and the associated peritumoral edema and 4th ventricle volume.

 

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) as monotherapy is often avoided for the treatment of large (≥ 2cm) posterior fossa brain metastasis (LPFM) based on a theoretical risk of increased peritumoral edema (PTE) and associated compression of the 4th ventricle (4V) related to the treatment.

Methods

A single center, IRB approved, retrospective review of LPFM treated with GKRS from 2009-2017 was performed. Brainlab® iPlan software was used to evaluate the tumor, 4V and PTE volumes at initial treatment and all subsequent follow-ups. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and McNemar test.

Results

We identified 49 lesions in 47 consecutive patients; 55% males, median age 61.5 years, median KPS was 90 at the time of GKRS. Median number of LPFM and overall brain metastases was 1 and 2.5 respectively. The median overall tumor, PTE, and 4V volumes at diagnosis were 5.37 cm3, 17.11 cm3, 1.23 cm3 respectively with a median study follow-up of 7.28 months (range 1.87-56.23). At first follow-up, 2 months post treatment, median tumor volume decreased by 54.04 % [range -96.95, 48.69] (p <0.001), median PTE decreased by 55.66 % [range -99.92, 143.36] (p <0.001) and 4V increased (23.89 [range -50.16, 545.76] p 0.31). No patient required surgical intervention, external ventricular drainage or shunting between treatment and first follow-up. Post treatment, 65.95 % receive our routine steroid taper, 4.25% received no steroids and 29.78% required prolonged steroid treatment.  

Conclusions

Patients with LPFM treated with GKRS had in a significant reduction in tumor size and PTE (p <0.001) and marked opening of the 4V post treatment. This study suggests that GKRS was well tolerated and can be considered in the management of LPFM especially in patients for whom surgery in contraindicated.  

 


Baha'eddin MUHSEN, Lilyana Angelov Md ANGELOV (Cleveland, USA), Michael VOGELBAUM, John SUH, Alireza MOHAMMADI, Samuel CHAO, Gene H BARNETT, Hamid BORGHEI-RAZAVI, Krishna JOSHI, Bicky THAPA, Bryan LEE
15:40 - 15:50 #17679 - c28-2 Reducing ctv-ptv margin from 2mm to 0mm in stereotactic radiotherapy of single brain metastasis.
c28-2 Reducing ctv-ptv margin from 2mm to 0mm in stereotactic radiotherapy of single brain metastasis.

Purpose: To compare the incidence of pseudoprogression (PP), local tumor control (LC) and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for a solitary brain metastasis using a 2mm Planning Target Volume (PTV) margin versus a 0mm margin. The development of pseudoprogression and the volume of the brain receiving 12Gy (V12) was assessed for single fraction treatment while V18 was assessed for treatment with 3 fractions.

Patients and methods: Patients were treated on the Novalis LINAC and had a minimal follow-up of 24 months. Dose was prescribed according to the PTV-volume: 1x21Gy, 1x18Gy or 3x8.5Gy. A 2mm CTV-PTV margin was used in 93 patients while a 0mm margin was used from 2015 onwards in 37 patients. Follow-up included a 3-monthly MRI-scan including a perfusion MRI-scan when PP was suspected. The V10-V18Gy of the brain was calculated.

Results: The mean CTV-volume was similar (p=0.3) while the mean PTV-volume was significantly larger in the 2mm group (15.2cc versus 7.6cc P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of PP between the 2mm and 0mm group at 1 year (31% versus 33%) and at 2 years (43% and 33% P=0.6). Symptomatic PP was significantly more frequent in the 0mm arm (4.1% vs 1.6%, P=0.02). The 2-year LC rate was similar in the 2mm and the 0mm group (78% and 82%, P=0.4) while the 2-year OS was significant better in the 0mm group (29% versus 13%, P=0.01). The V10-V18 of the brain was not predictive for PP.

Conclusion: PTV margin reduction from 2mm to 0mm did not reduce the incidence of PP in linac-SRT for single brain metastases. LC and OS rates were similar, indicating margin reduction is safe. V10-V18Gy were not associated for the incidence of pseudoprogression.


Justine BADLOE (The Hague, The Netherlands), Mirjam MAST, Anna PETOUKHOVA, Jan-Huib FRANSSEN, Elyas GHARIQ, Ruud WIGGENRAAD
15:50 - 16:00 #17704 - c28-3 Impact of the number of metastatic brain lesions on survival after gamma knife radiosurgery.
c28-3 Impact of the number of metastatic brain lesions on survival after gamma knife radiosurgery.

Objective: The number of brain metastases (BMs) plays an important role in the decision making between stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and whole-brain radiation therapy
Methods: We analyzed the survival of 457 SRS-treated patients with BM as a function of BM number. 113 (24.7%) patients were treated with repeat SRS for local recurrence and distant brain relapse. Survival analyses were performed with Kaplan-Meier analysis as well as univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.
Results: The median survival for all patients was 9.8 months (95% CI 8.5-11.3). Patients with BMs were categorized as those with 1, 2-4, 5-9 and ≥10 BMs. Median overall survival for patients with 1 BM was superior to those with 2-4, 5-10 and >10 BMs (14.3 months vs. 10.5 months vs. 6.6 months vs. 7.2 months, р= 0,0001). Survival of patients with 5-9 BMs did not differ from those with >10 BMs (6.6 months vs. 7.2 months, p=0.8288).
Аccording to multivariate analysis, age younger than 50 years (p = 0.005, HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41 - 0.86), number of lesions ≥5 (p = 0.02, HR 1,44, 95% CI 1,05 - 1.95), Karnofsky performance status ≥80 (p < 0.0001, HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38 - 0.69) аnd absence of extracranial metastases (p < 0.01, HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35 - 0.90) had significant impacts on overall survival.
Conclusions: The contribution of BM number to overall survival is modest and should be considered as one of the many variables considered in the decision between SRS and whole-brain radiation therapy. Our finding confirm correlation between the survival outcome and the number of lesions treated SRS. According to our data, the median survival of patients with 2-4 metastases in the brain is significantly higher compared with a group of patients who have 5-10 or more lesions.


Sergey BANOV, Andrey GOLANOV (Moscow, Russia), Elena VETLOVA, Alexandra DALECHINA, Valery KOSTJUCHENKO, Ivan OSINOV
16:00 - 16:10 #17720 - c28-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery versus whole brain with simultaneous integrated boost using VMAT for multiple brain metastases.
c28-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery versus whole brain with simultaneous integrated boost using VMAT for multiple brain metastases.

Introduction: Local control of brain metastases reduces risk of death from intracranial progression and improves survival, which can be extended by 6 months with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), but this treatment has a greater risk of a significant neurological decline compared with patients who receive more focal treatments, like stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS). The widespread of the volumetric modulated arc technique therapy (VMAT) which can deliver a fraction of WBRT and a simultaneous integrated boost (WBIB) to multiple brain metastases in a few minutes suspected possible advantages of local and regional control for this treatment and the studies are controversial about the real impact in neurocognition

Methods: Patients with confirmed one to six brain metastases submitted to either WBIB or SRS alone using VMAT were selected. WBIB group patients received WBRT in daily 4 Gy to a total of 20 Gy over one week and the boost reached the total dose of 40Gy with daily 8 Gy in each evident metastasis. For the SRS alone group, doses varied according to the metastasis sizes, based on the RTOG. We retrospectively accessed patient clinical and radiological data until death registration.

Results: 31 patients were selected, 20 in SRS group and 11 in the WBIB group, mean age of 63 years old. Majority of patients have secondary lung central nervous system metastasis. The mean overall survival after the radiotherapy treatment was 11,4 months in the SRS group and 8,2 months in the WBIB group (p =0,001). There was no difference in local control after 3 and 6 months between the groups, but the was a significantly greater incidence of new leasons in the group that received only SRS compared with WBIB( 38,1 versus 27,3 %  p<0,001). Subgroup analysis of the SRS group showed that 47,6% needed to receive WB treatment after a mean time of 6,8 months. Grade I and II toxicity incidence was greater in the WBIB and there was also a greater decreasement in the KPS status of theses patients after the 6 months reassessment

Conclusions: WBIB seems to achieve a similar local control to focal SNS leasons and better regional control to subclinical leasons compared with patients who receive only SRS, despite a greater toxicity. Afterwards, WB would be needed in almost 50% of the patients who received SRS and therefore the WBIB  treatment could propitiate a best cost effectiveness choice 


Jose REGIS NETO (São Paulo, Brazil), Wellington Pimenta NEVES JUNIOR, Anselmo MANCINI, Sebastião Francisco Miranda CORREA
16:10 - 16:20 #17800 - c28-5 Stereotactic radiosurgery for resected brain metastases – does the surgical corridor need to be treated?
c28-5 Stereotactic radiosurgery for resected brain metastases – does the surgical corridor need to be treated?

Background

Post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is the standard of care for resected brain metastases, but SRS techniques are not standardized. Although expert consensus guidelines recommend that the surgical corridor leading to resection cavity be included in SRS plan, this statement is not evidence-based. We analyzed failures and toxicity with post-resection SRS, with the hypothesis that the corridor needs not be targeted with SRS. 

Methods

In this IRB-approved retrospective review, from 428 lesions treated from 2005-2018 with post-resection SRS, 58 evaluable lesions had a ‘deep’ tumor with a surgical corridor, defined as ≥1.0cm from surface pre-operatively. SRS targeted the surgical corridor, defined as the surgical tract uninvolved by tumor on pre-operative imaging, in 33 (57%). Failure was defined as local (LF) if within the surgical cavity involved with tumor pre-resection, corridor (CF) if within the surgical tract leading to the cavity, distant (DF) if a new parenchymal tumor, or leptomeningeal (LMD) if new nodular/classical leptomeningeal enhancement. The cumulative incidences of failure and adverse radiation effect (ARE) were analyzed with death and whole brain radiotherapy as competing risks, with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The median follow-up was 14 months. Not targeting the surgical corridor was associated with prior SRS or resection for other brain metastases (23% vs. 0%, p=0.01), deeper tumors (median 2.1 cm vs. 1.4 cm, p<0.01), and systemic treatment within 3 months (p =0.01), but not other factors (p>0.10). The 12-month failure rates, if the surgical corridor was not treated vs. was treated, respectively, were: CF 8% (1-24%) vs. 0% (p=0.12), LF 4% (0-17%) vs. 13% (4-27%) (p=0.32), LMD 40% (19-61%) vs. 10% (2-23%) (p=0.03), DF 65% (43-81%) vs. 35% (19-52%) (p=0.02), and ARE 8% (1-22%) vs. 13% (4-28%) (p=0.35). After adjusting for use of systemic therapy, all differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

 Conclusion

Omitting the surgical corridor in post-operative SRS for resected brain metastases was not independently associated with statistically significant differences in recurrences or adverse radiation effect.


Scott SOLTYS (Stanford, CA, USA), Siyu SHI, Joseph ABI JAOUDE, Navjot SANDHU, Kirsten SCHOFIELD, Elyn WANG, Michael JIN, Carrie ZHANG, Steven CHANG, Erqi POLLOM
16:20 - 16:30 #17900 - c28-6 Adverse radiation effect after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: an international multi-center retrospective analysis.
c28-6 Adverse radiation effect after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: an international multi-center retrospective analysis.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a cornerstone treatment for brain metastases (BM). Despite its notably efficacy in tumor control, adverse radiation effect (ARE) remains a dreaded complication. Here, we perform a quantitative analysis to examine the relative contribution of various clinical and dosimetric factors to ARE.

We identified 214 patients with 1,106 BM who were treated with SRS at University of California San Diego (2007-17) and 148 patients with 1,760 BM who were SRS treated at Karolinska Institutet who had  >3 months of MRI follow-up. ARE was defined by post-SRS FLAIR involving >25% of the cross-sectional area of the centrum semiovale, third ventricle, temporal horns, or the fourth ventricle. Standard statistical measures were used to identify risk factors for ARE.

In the UCSD cohort, 62 patients (29%) suffered post-SRS ARE. In univariate models, the risk of ARE increased with 1) the number of treated tumors (OR 1.061 per additional tumor, p<0.001), 2) cumulative intracranial tumor volume (CITV) (OR 1.016 per cm3, p= 0.03), 3) the number of SRS sessions (OR 1.425 per additional session, p<0.001), and 4) previous WBRT (OR 4.601, p<0.001). In a multivariate model, ARE risk was associated with the number of SRS sessions (p=0.002) and prior WBRT (p=0.02). These findings were recapitulated in the cohort of 148 Karolinska patients. In a combined multivariable model accounting for the length of follow-up, the associations with number of SRS and WBRT remained robust: number of SRS (p=0.002), history of WBRT (p< 0.001). Variance analysis indicated that a history of WBRT contributes more to the risk of ARE than the number of SRS sessions.

In this analysis of our decade-long experience, we demonstrate that the number of SRS sessions and prior WBRT independently contribute to the odds of developing ARE, and that prior WBRT is the biggest contributor to ARE.


Ali ALATTAR, Jiri BARTEK, JR., Brian HIRSHMAN, Clark CHEN (Minneapolis, USA)

16:30 - 17:00 COFFEE BREAK - POSTERS & EXHIBITION
17:00
17:00-18:00
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A291
YOUNG INVESTIGATOR SEMINAR

YOUNG INVESTIGATOR SEMINAR

Moderators: Christopher GRAFFEO (Neurologic surgery) (Oklahoma City, USA), Paulo OPPITZ (Neurosurgeon) (Porto Alegre, Brazil), Scott SOLTYS (ISRS 2023) (Stanford, CA, USA)
17:00 - 17:15 Designing Studies. Debra Nana YEBOA (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
17:15 - 17:30 Perfecting Article Writing and Publication. Isaac YANG (Associate Professor) (Speaker, Los Angeles, USA)
17:30 - 17:45 Interpreting Statistics: Common Pitfalls to Avoid. David PRYOR (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Brisbane, Australia)
17:45 - 18:00 Remember the Patient. Lilyana ANGELOV (Staff Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Cleveland, USA)

17:00-18:00
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B291
BREAST SYMPOSIUM

BREAST SYMPOSIUM

Moderators: Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Karina MOUTINHO (neurosurgery) (Santa Paula, Brazil), Mariza TUNMER (Radiation Oncologist) (Johannesburg, South Africa)
17:00 - 17:20 Influence of Molecular Subgroups and Systemic Therapy on Outcomes of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases. Steve BRAUNSTEIN (Faculty) (Speaker, San Francisco, USA)
17:20 - 17:40 Focal Radiation Techniques (incl. IORT). Lorenzo LIVI (Full Professor, Head of Radiation Oncology Unit) (Speaker, Florence, Italy)
17:40 - 18:00 SBRT Clinical Trials and Research Overview. Allisson Barcelos BORGES (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Brasilia-DF, Brazil)

17:00-18:30
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C291
VARIAN SPONSORED SESSION
Cutting EDGE Radiosurgery from Varian

VARIAN SPONSORED SESSION
Cutting EDGE Radiosurgery from Varian

17:00 - 17:15 Implementing HyperArc™ SRS in Scotland: Clinical Experience with over 70 Patients. Suzanne CURRIE (Physicst) (PLATINUM PARTNERS, Glasgow, United Kingdom)
17:15 - 17:30 HyperArc™ for Cranial SRS: First Year Indications & Outcomes on the EDGE® at UAB. Evan THOMAS (BALLER) (PLATINUM PARTNERS, BIRMINGHAM, USA)
17:30 - 17:45 RapidArc™ Radiosurgery and SGRS – The Brazilian Experience. Samir HANNA (PLATINUM PARTNERS, São Paulo, Brazil)
17:45 - 18:00 VMAT on the EDGE® for H&N and other Extracranial Targets: The Henry Ford Experience. Farzan SIDDIQUI (PLATINUM PARTNERS, Detroit, USA)
18:00 - 18:15 Frameless Functional Linac-Based Radiosurgery: Focus on Essential Tremor. Evan THOMAS (BALLER) (PLATINUM PARTNERS, BIRMINGHAM, USA)
18:15 - 18:30 Immunotherapy plus SRS/SBRT: Increasing the Probability of the Abscopal Effect. James WELSH (PLATINUM PARTNERS, Chicago, USA)

18:00
Tuesday 11 June
Time Segovia Plenary Segovia Break Out El Pardo I
07:30
07:30-09:00
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A31
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
PEDIATRIC BRAIN RADIOSURGERY

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
PEDIATRIC BRAIN RADIOSURGERY

Moderators: Leonardo FRIGHETTO (Neurosurgeon) (Passo Fundo, Brazil), Paul SPERDUTO (Radiation Oncology) (Durham, USA), Amanda DE OLIVEIRA LÓPES (Pediatric Neurosurgery) (Recife, Brazil)
07:30 - 07:45 Craniopharyngioma Combined Approach - Surgery and Radiosurgery. Leonardo FRIGHETTO (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Passo Fundo, Brazil)
07:45 - 08:00 Efficacy, Outcomes, and new directions. Shannon FOGH (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, San Francisco, USA)
08:00 - 08:15 Long Term Outcomes: Brain Tumors. Erin MURPHY (Radiation Oncologoy) (Speaker, Cleveland, USA)
08:15 - 08:30 #17732 - a31-4 Radiosurgery for Paediatric AVM - A Single Centre Experience in 50 consecutive Patients.
a31-4 Radiosurgery for Paediatric AVM - A Single Centre Experience in 50 consecutive Patients.

BACKGROUND: Gamma Knife (GK) radio surgery for paediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the brain presents a non-invasive treatment option. Age has a potential influence on the characteristic presentation of these AVMs and their ultimate outcome. We report our institutional experience with GK for paediatric AVMs.

METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 50 consecutive paediatric patients diagnosed with cerebral AVMs and treated with GK at our institution from January 2014 to and December 2016. Patient demographics, AVM characteristics, treatment parameters and AVM responses were recorded.

RESULTS: The commonest presentation was with headache in 70% of these patients , followed by bleed (24%) and 20% of these patients had seizures.AVMs were mostly located in the right-side seen in 18 patients. Mean nidus volume was around 3.6 cc with almost 44% of these patients had small AVMs corresponding to SM grading 1, 2 while remaining were SM grade 4,5.  Most of these patients were treated with primary GK (82%), while 9 patients received  secondary GK (6  post embolisation and 3 post surgery) for AVM. A minimum follow up period of two years showed almost 70% of patients had complete .elimination of the lesion. Rest of these patients had lesions reduced in volume. During the initial 6 months,  5 patients had weakness and focal neurological deficits but with close follow up and monitoring there was improvement.

 CONCLUSIONS: GK radio surgery for paediatric AVMs offers a safe and effective treatment option, with good obliteration rate.


Shweta KEDIA (New Delhi, India), Atmanranjan DASH, Deepak AGARWAL, Manmohan SINGH, Rajinder THAYLLING, Shashank KALE
08:30 - 08:45 #17544 - a31-5 Extracranial dose measurements in paediatric patients receiving radiosurgery and the risk of radiation-induced malignancy.
a31-5 Extracranial dose measurements in paediatric patients receiving radiosurgery and the risk of radiation-induced malignancy.

Background: Any medical procedure utilising ionising radiation carries a risk of developing a radiation-induced malignancy. The risk of developing extra-cranial malignancies is believed to be low in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) but few studies have been conducted which attempt to quantify this risk. Paediatric patients treated for Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) are of particular concern due to the non-malignant nature of their disease, increased risk of malignancy and their longer life expectancy.

Methods: Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements were conducted in 17 patients treated with GKRS for AVMs (9 Females and 8 Males, mean age at treatment = 12). Three sets of TLDs were positioned anteriorly on the skin of each patient at the levels of the thyroid, breast and pelvis. Each set was comprised of 10 TLDs, 5 Lithium Fluoride detectors and 5 Germanium-doped glass fibres. These were calibrated, annealed, handled and read-out in line with good practice procedures yielding a dose uncertainty of approximately 5%.  The average dose measured by each TLD set was used to approximate the doses delivered to individual organs in each patient’s body. Individual patient doses were then used in a radiation risk assessment tool (RadRAT) to calculate each patient’s Lifetime Excess Risk (LER) of developing malignancies due to the radiation exposure.

Results: The mean doses measured were 17.7 mGy, 7 mGy and 0.17 mGy for the neck, chest and pelvic areas respectively. The mean LER was calculated to be 0.18% on average and ranged from 0.04% to 0.41% between patients.

Conclusion: Considering the baseline cancer risk in this group of patients (»35%), the additional LER of body malignancy contributed by the GKRS exposure is acceptable when balanced against the possible risks from not treating the AVM.


Alexis DIMITRIADIS (London, Austria), Amjad ALYAHYAWI, Alison CAMERON, Neil KITCHEN, Gregory JAMES, Ian PADDICK
08:45 - 09:00 The risk of oncogenesis. Andrey GOLANOV (Chief of the Department) (Speaker, Moscow, Russia)

07:30-09:00
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B31
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
QUALITY OF LIFE: WHAT THE DATA SHOWS

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
QUALITY OF LIFE: WHAT THE DATA SHOWS

Moderators: Allisson Barcelos BORGES (Radiation Oncologist) (Brasilia-DF, Brazil), Joao Gabriel GOMES (Neurosurgeon) (Recife, Brazil), Jonathan KNISELY (Faculty) (New York, USA)
07:30 - 07:50 Gliomas: What is Best for the Patient. Bente Sandvei SKEIE (MD, PhD) (Speaker, Bergen, Norway)
07:50 - 08:10 Metastases & Neurocognition: An Update. Jeff WEFEL (Associate Professor, Chief, Section of Neuropsychology) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
08:10 - 08:30 Skullbase Lesions: Is SRS/SRT Better Than Surgery? Oystein TVEITEN (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Bergen, Norway)
08:30 - 08:50 Risk of Radiation-Associated Intracranial Malignancy after SRS for Benign Tumors. Matthias RADATZ (Director) (Speaker, Sheffield, United Kingdom)

07:30-09:00
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C31
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
PROSTATE SBRT

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
PROSTATE SBRT

Moderators: Sebastiao CORREA (RADIO-Oncologist) (São Paulo, Brazil), Ciro FRANZESE (MD) (Milano, Italy), Luis LARREA (Director) (Valencia, Spain)
07:50 - 08:10 Clinical Results. David PRYOR (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Brisbane, Australia)
08:10 - 08:30 Quality of Life in prostate SBRT. Maris MEZECKIS (radiation oncologist) (Speaker, Sigulda, Latvia)
08:30 - 08:50 Quality Assurance. Fernando PAROIS JAPIASSU (Speaker, Brazil)

09:00
09:00-10:15
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A32
PARALLEL SESSION
SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM: IMMUNOTHERAPY & SRS/SBRT

PARALLEL SESSION
SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM: IMMUNOTHERAPY & SRS/SBRT

Moderators: Jing LI (Radiation Oncologist) (Houston, USA), Michael LIM (Professor of Neurosurgery) (Baltimore, USA), John SUH (Radiation Oncologist) (Cleveland, USA), Leonardo VIEIRA (Doctor) (Recife, Brazil)
09:00 - 09:15 Immunology for the Oncologist. James WELSH (Speaker, Chicago, USA)
09:15 - 09:30 Clinical Application in Brain: What we know. Michael LIM (Professor of Neurosurgery) (Speaker, Baltimore, USA)
09:30 - 09:45 Clinical Application in Lung: What we know. Clarissa BALDOTTO (Speaker, Brazil)
09:45 - 10:00 What We Don't Yet Know: Key Issues. Paul SPERDUTO (Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Durham, USA)
10:00 - 10:15 Clinical Trials & Research Summary. Daniel M. TRIFILETTI (Professor) (Speaker, Jacksonville, USA)

09:00-10:15
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B32
Oral Session
PHYSICS #2

Oral Session
PHYSICS #2

Moderators: Fernando PAROIS JAPIASSU (Brazil), Anderson PASSARO (Medical Physicist) (São Paulo, Brazil), David SCHLESINGER (Medical Physics) (Charlottesville, VA, USA, USA)
09:00 - 09:10 #17753 - b32-1 A phase-space source model for Monte Carlo dosimetry calculations in Gamma Knife clinical applications.
b32-1 A phase-space source model for Monte Carlo dosimetry calculations in Gamma Knife clinical applications.

Purpose: To develop a phase space source model enabling Monte Carlo (MC) dosimetry calculations and verification of Gamma Knife treatments in inhomogeneous geometries.

Materials and methods: A previously validated Gamma Knife Perfexion (GKPFX) MC-based detailed source model was used to create single sector phase-space (PHSP) source models for the three available collimators.  These were validated in terms of single sector and single shot X-Y-Z dose profiles in a spherical water phantom with corresponding data obtained using the detailed model and experimental EBT-3 film measurements.

The PHSP-source model was subsequently used to validate GammaPlan (LGP) dose predictions using the convolution algorithm for a plan using a composite shot consisting of all collimator sizes delivered in a virtual phantom of 8 cm radius containing a 1.5 cm thick hemispherical bone inhomogeneity in the vicinity of the 50% isodose line.

Results: Single sector and single shot dosimetry results using PHSP simulations were found in excellent agreement with corresponding detailed MC model calculations and film measurements. Indicatively, gamma passing rates above 99.5% were achieved for local 1%/1mm criteria against detailed model simulation and 2%/1mm criteria against film measurements. Efficiency gain by a factor of up to 2500 for the smaller field size was attained compared with detailed model simulations. Convolution absolute dose distribution evaluation using the PHSP-source model simulations in the inhomogeneous phantom resulted in a gamma passing rate of 99.15%, applying 1%/1mm local gamma index criteria and 1% dose threshold.

Conclusion: An accurate and efficient GKPFX single sector PHSP source model was developed and validated. LGP calculations using the convolution algorithm were evaluated in an inhomogeneous geometry using this model and found to be in excellent agreement, indicating the accuracy of the convolution algorithm in water-bone inhomogeneities. Further work on convolution algorithm verification on more complex and clinical cases is in progress.


Andreas LOGOTHETIS, Evangelos PANTELIS, Emanouil ZOROS, Eleftherios PAPPAS, Georgios KOLLIAS, Alexis DIMITRIADIS, Ian PADDICK, Jonas GARDING, Jonas JOHANSSON, Pantelis KARAISKOS (Athens, Greece)
09:10 - 09:20 #17644 - b32-2 Evaluation of PTW microdiamond edge-on orientation for small field dosimetry.
b32-2 Evaluation of PTW microdiamond edge-on orientation for small field dosimetry.

The IAEA TRS-483 code of practice requires that solid state dosimeters used for quality assurance in small field radiotherapy be utilized in a “face-on” orientation [1]. However, this practice means that the high spatial resolution of the PTW microdiamond or uD in “edge-on” orientation is unrealized [2]. The aim of this study was to characterize the uD for small field applications in an edge-on orientation. To that end, the detector went through a rigorous characterization of its performance in both edge-on and face-on orientations for different field sizes and angular incidences

Output factor (OF), Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) curves and field profile measurements were performed with the uD in edge-on and face-on orientations and compared against the IBA RAZOR for 6MV photon field for both FF/FFF modalities in a IBA blue water phantom on a Varian True Beam linac for square field sizes between 0.5-10 cm. Angular dependence as a function of field size measurements (0.5x0.5-3x3cm2) were also performed in two different cylindrical PMMA phantoms to investigate the effect of orientation upon angular dependence.

The high spatial resolution of the uD in edge-on, allowed for precise profilometry of small FF/FFF square fields to be performed. The uD was shown to over-response in edge-on in comparison with face-on for fields ≤2x2cm2. Angular dependence measurements in the cylindrical edge2face phantom showed a 6-12% difference in response of the uD in the edge-on and face-on orientations for 0.5-3cm square fields, although larger variations (~31%) were observed. Additional angular dependence measurements in the cylindrical edge2edge phantom shows that the uD is almost angular independent over a range of 180° with differences of ±1%.

In edge-on orientation, the uD was shown to be suitable for profile reconstruction as well as exhibiting negligible angular dependence (±1%) making it an option for specific clinical applications. However, the orientation is deemed to be unsuitable for PDD and OF measurements, due to a less than ideal build-up behaviour and over-response. Full results including that of a dedicated Monte Carlo simulation study to optimise the detector packaging will be presented at the ISRS congress.

[1] H. Palmans, et al, Technical Report Series No. 483. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna; 2017

[2] V. De Coste, et al, Phys. Med. Biol. 62 (2017) 7036-7055


Jeremy DAVIS (Wollongong, Australia), Sultan ALHUJAI, Owen BRACE, Dean WILKINSON, Duncan BUTLER, Jason PAINO, Brad OBORN, Michael LERCH, Marco PETASECCA
09:20 - 09:30 #17682 - b32-3 Comparison of planning techniques for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with 4 up to 10 brain metastases.
b32-3 Comparison of planning techniques for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with 4 up to 10 brain metastases.

Purpose/Objective:Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a promising treatment option for patients with 4 to 10 brain metastases (BM). We studied whether automated planning can improve LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery plan quality for multiple BM. 

Materials/Methods:For 12 patients with 4 to 10 BM, five non-coplanar LINAC-based SRS plans were created for 6MV photons: a manually planned dynamic conformal arc (DCA) plan with a separate isocenter for each metastasis, a dynamic IMRT plan with one isocenter, a VMAT plan with one isocenter, two DCA plans with one isocenter for three and five couch rotations. The last three plans were automatically generated. The prescription dose was 21Gy or 18Gy single fraction or 25.5Gy in 3 fractions depending on the volume of the largest metastasis and prescribed to the 80% isodose line.The PTV coverage should be at least 98%.To assess SRS plan quality, the Paddick conformity index (CI), the Paddick gradient index (GI), the total V12Gy and V5Gy and the number of monitor units (MU) were studied. 

Results: The mean CI was the highest for dynamic IMRT and manual DCA plans. The lowest GI was for manual DCA plans with a separate isocenter for each metastasis and for automatically generated DCA plans with one isocenter, the highest GI was for VMAT plans. The V12Gy of automatically generated DCA plans with one isocenter and dynamic IMRT plans were comparable with the manual DCA plans. The number of MU was the smallest for VMAT plans, followed by IMRT and automatically generated DCA plans.

Conclusions: Automatically generated LINAC-based, single isocenter SRS plans for multiple BM result in fewer MUs, with a plan quality comparable to manual multiple-isocenter DCA plans. Based on all compared parameters, dynamic IMRT and DCA plans with one isocenter were the best and comparable with multiple-isocenter DCA plans. 


Ruud WIGGENRAAD (The Hague, The Netherlands), Anna PETOUKHOVA, Roland SNIJDER, Linda DE BOER-DE WIT, Ivonne MUDDE-VAN DER WOUDEN, Mireille FLORIJN, Jaap ZINDLER, Jan VAN SANTVOORT
09:30 - 09:40 #17810 - b32-4 Accuracy of frameless image guided stereotactic radio-surgery for brain metastases.
b32-4 Accuracy of frameless image guided stereotactic radio-surgery for brain metastases.

Objectives: To evaluate inter- and intra-fraction motion detected using frameless immobilization for Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).

Materials and Methods: Following consent to frameless GK-SRS, patients were immobilized with a thermoplastic mask followed by acquisition of a reference CBCT scan. Daily setup verification and intra-fraction motions were monitored using CBCT and an intra-fractional motion management (IFMM) system.  Patient setup and CBCT was repeated when IFMM thresholds were exceeded or when the patient needed a voluntary break. In-house Matlab scripts were developed to parse log files to determine patient inter- and intra-fraction setup variability.

Results: Thirty-eight plans were reviewed from 36 patients (2 patients treated twice). The average number of targets per plan was 1.3 [range: 1-4] and treatment time was 42 min [range: 8.3 - 145.9min]. The number of CBCT per fraction is 1.8 [range: 1-7]. Systematic setup error was found by the difference between reference and daily CBCTs as 0.93, 1.17, 1.17 mm and 0.8, 0.6, 2.2 degrees in x, y, and z direction respectively. Random error (intra fraction) was found 0.40, 0.33, 0.35mm and 0.3, 0.3, 0.6 degrees from successive CBCTs. IFMM measurement with marker motion larger than 0.2mm are  77 times/min during beam delivery and the average directional motion during beam on was 0.0, -0.1, 0.3mm (standard deviation of 0.4, 0.4, and 0.6mm) in x, y, and z direction. Systematic (random) motion of IFMM was 0.7mm, 0.5mm, 0.9mm (0.3, 0.2, and 0.5mm).

Conclusions: Preliminary analysis suggests good setup reproducibility with the largest discrepancy in the z-direction. After setup correction, random intra-fraction motion was found to be within 0.5mm with larger systematic motions triggered for pause or correction by the IFMM.


Young-Bin CHO (Toronto, Canada), Winnie LI, Normand LAPERRIERE, David SHULTZ, Caroline CHUNG, Barbara-Ann MILLAR, David JAFFRAY, Catherine COOLENS
09:40 - 09:50 #17882 - b32-5 Use of non-composite shots for robust planning in Gamma Knife Icon mask-based treatment.
b32-5 Use of non-composite shots for robust planning in Gamma Knife Icon mask-based treatment.

Purpose: Adapting manufacturer’s end-to-end test to the Gamma Knife Icon mask system, we were able to verify the accuracy of position correction in Gammaplan even for large angular and translational shifts. However, the test does not verify if isodose volume is preserved.

Methods and Materials: An anthropomorphic head phantom with a film insert in the mid-coronal plane is used. Lesion-E has an elliptical shape covered by one single composite shot. Lesion-S has a sausage shape covered by 4 composite shots. Close to either lesion are organs at risk (OAR1 and OAR2). For each lesion, a non-composite plan was also created to produce similar prescription isodose volume with comparable dose to OARs. The phantom was treated in the planning position (A), and in a position shifted 4 cm superiorly and rotated 95 degrees to right (D). For lesion-S, the phantom was irradiated in two additional positions: 14-degree chin-up (B), and 14-degree rotation to right with 7-degree chin-up (C). (Min, max, mean) dose reported under dose evaluation during treatment were analyzed. Gamma Index comparison of film dose at positions B, C, or D versus A was used. Prescription dose was 3 Gy per fraction.

Results: Non-composite-shot plans: All Gamma Index passing rates are > 97%, and all differences in (min, max mean) dose are <= 0.1 Gy. Composite-shot plans: Passing rate is 57% for position D for lesion-E, and 92%, 78%, and 44% for position B, C, and D, respectively for lesion-S. The difference in (min, max, mean) doses becomes larger as the phantom shifted from position B through D: from a maximum 0.4-Gy difference in position-B to a maximum difference of 0.8-Gy in position-D for lesion-S and as large as 1.4 Gy for lesion-E.

Conclusions: For robust planning, it is recommended to use only non-composite shots for mask-based treatments with Icon.


Dershan LUO (Houston, Texas, USA, USA), Eun HAN, Xin WANG, Tina BRIERE
09:50 - 10:00 #17785 - b32-6 End-to-End dosimetric and geometric accuracy of linac-based high-definition dynamic stereotactic treatments for multiple metastases: A multi-institutional study.
b32-6 End-to-End dosimetric and geometric accuracy of linac-based high-definition dynamic stereotactic treatments for multiple metastases: A multi-institutional study.

Objective:

Dosimetric and geometric accuracy are paramount in Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) to achieve effective and safe implementation of the treatment. In this work, End-to-End accuracy was evaluated for single-isocenter multi-focal SRS treatments in six centers.   

Methods:

Eight identical 3D-printed head phantoms were constructed using the planning-CT dataset of a patient, simulating bone structures by a bone equivalent material. Six phantoms (one per clinic) were filled with 3D polymer gel, which simulates brain tissue and acts as a dosimeter in combination with an MR scanner, while the other two phantoms were filled with water and equipped with an ion chamber and a film insert, respectively. A single-isocenter plan using a 5-arc VMAT beam arrangement was created in Monaco Treatment Planning System (TPS). Six targets were adjusted to achieve a range of target sizes 6-25mm in diameter at various distances from the isocenter. Prescription dose was set to 8Gy and dose delivery was performed by the Elekta Versa HD-HDRS linear accelerator with HexaPOD system, following departments’ clinical SRS workflow. Point, 2D, and 3D dose values were obtained by ion chamber, film, and gel measurements, respectively. Geometric accuracy of all targets was evaluated by the comparison of 2D/3D relative dose distributions between measurements and TPS calculations. Dosimetric accuracy was verified by ion chamber measurements in one target.     

Results:

Excellent geometric agreement (<1mm) between TPS calculations and measurements was observed for the targets lying less than 4cm from the isocenter. For the targets with a distance from the isocenter greater than 4cm, the average difference from all sites was 0.8mm with a maximum discrepancy of 1.9 mm. Ion chamber measurements yielded an average difference of 1.2% ± 0.5% leading to a superb agreement within uncertainties.   

Conclusion:

The overall accuracy of single-isocenter multi-focal SRS treatments was found within acceptable limits for all clinics using a patient-specific End-to-End methodology.


Emmanouil ZOROS (Greece, Greece), Daniel SAENZ, Kyveli ZOURARI, Michael REINER, Lip Teck CHEW, Samuel HANCOCK, Alex NEVELSKY, Christopher F NJEH, Niko PAPANIKOLAOU, Evangelos PAPPAS

10:15 - 10:45 COFFEE BREAK - POSTERS & EXHIBITION
10:45
10:45-11:15
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A34
PARALLEL SESSION
THE LEKSELL LECTURE

PARALLEL SESSION
THE LEKSELL LECTURE

Moderators: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Lausanne, Switzerland), Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (London, United Kingdom), Jean REGIS (PROFESSEUR) (MARSEILLE, France)
10:45 - 11:15 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery from Leksell to the Present: An Insider’s View. Christer LINDQUIST (Medical co-director) (Speaker, LONDON, Sweden)

10:45-11:45
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C34
Oral Session
THORACIC & GASTRO-INTESTINAL

Oral Session
THORACIC & GASTRO-INTESTINAL

Moderators: David PRYOR (Radiation Oncologist) (Brisbane, Australia), Ben SLOTMAN (Professor) (AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands), Rosemarie STAHLSCHIMIDT (Brazil)
10:45 - 10:54 #17660 - c34-1 Dynamic tracking SBRT (DTSBRT) for the treatment of primary and/or metastatic lung cancer.
c34-1 Dynamic tracking SBRT (DTSBRT) for the treatment of primary and/or metastatic lung cancer.

Purpose/Objectives: There are several methods to reduce the effect of respiratory movement in SBRT for lung tumors. One of them is dynamic tumor tracking method, which has the merit over other methods to reduce the treatment time and the pressure of rigid fixation. We have been using this method (DTSBRT) for several years and analyzed the results.

Materials and Methods: Indications were tumors whose respiratory movement was larger than 10mm on planning CT, fit for SBRT, and normal organ dose constraints were met. DTTSBRT was performed using Vero-4DRT (Gimbal-based) and CyberKnife G4 (Robot arm-based). Prescription doses were 50 Gy/ 4 fr/1 wk at the PTV D95%.

Results: Between March 2013 and March 2017, 46 patients received DTT SBRT. Median age was 76.5 (range 41-90), Male to female ratio was 33:13, There were 26  primary tumors and 20 metastatic tumors. More than 90% tumors were located in the lower lobe (42/46). Median follow-up period was 23.7 months (4.6-59.3mos). 29 cases were treated with Vero-4DRT, whereas 17 cases were treated with CyberKnife. Two-year local control rates for primary and metastatic cancers were 95.0% and 94.7%, respectively (n.s). Two-year overall survival rates for primary and metastatic cancers were 84.6% and 75.0%, respectively (n.s.). There were no differences in local control or overall survival between the treatment machines. There was one Grade 3 pneumonitis. No serial organ toxicity has been observed.

Conclusions

DTSBRT for primary and/or metastatic lung cancer has been promising for good local control and overall survival despite that nearly all of the tumors were located in lower lobe, which has been known to be difficult to control.


Katsuyuki KARASAWA (Tokyo, Japan), Yumiko MACHITORI, Satoshi KITO, Sara HAYAKAWA, Kaiji NIHEI
10:54 - 11:03 #17713 - c34-2 DIBH implementation for lung SBRT treatment with low cost local solution in Argentina.
c34-2 DIBH implementation for lung SBRT treatment with low cost local solution in Argentina.

With improved outcomes, lung SBRT has begun for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients a routinely indication in the thoracic radiation oncology community. At Mevaterapia radiation therapy centre in Argentina we implemented lung SBRT using Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold (DIBH) technique by a local low cost (U$D 4000) spirometer customized for radiation therapy monitoring.

In DIBH treatment protocol, patients are instructed to breathe through a non-invasive naso-oral mask while theirs respiratory patterns are follow in real time using a hand spirometer connected to a portable computer. Normal respiratory (i.e. respiratory frequency, inspiration volume, espiration volume) and deep inspiration variables (i.e. deep inspiration volume, deep inspiration holding time, repeatability of deep inspiration volumes in time) are recorded during CT scans simulation.

CT scan for treatment planning in DIBH is obtained followed by several short DIBH CT scans at the lesion in order to evaluate absolute displacements within DIBH volumes treatment range.

Treatment planning is performed in Eclipse v13.6 using AAA algorithm and carried out through ARIA system in a Varian Trilogy LINAC with Exactrac and 6D couch technology. Time between CT simulation and treatment is around 5 days, prior to treatment a simulation session at LINAC is scheduled.

During simulation session patient is firstly localized using bone structures with Exactrac and positioning is verified by CBCT in DIBH. Treatment parameters are checked with the patient and treatment simulated in order to corroborate treatment applicability and to reduce patient’s anxiety and fears during actual treatment sessions.

Our protocol had been applied in 6 patients over the last 6 months with a total patient’s time in treatment room of 45±15 minutes. CTV localization in DIBH were regular and reproducible over treatment using spirometer monitoring with local technology low-cost solution. In our service this had become first choice protocol for SBRT lung treatment.


Ruben Oscar FARIAS, Leon ALDROVANDI, Florencia MAURI, Augusto ALVA, Federico Javier DIAZ, Maria Liliana MAIRAL, Mabel Edith SARDI, Mara Lia SCARABINO (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
11:03 - 11:12 #17747 - c34-3 Artificial Intelligence techniques improve SBRT treatment planning quality.
c34-3 Artificial Intelligence techniques improve SBRT treatment planning quality.

Purpose

Improve SBRT planning quality through application of AI techniques

 

Methods

Pancreas and liver SBRT planning is often challenging due to tolerance limits of the gastrointestinal (GI) structures.  The clinical treatment planning goal is to retain full PTV coverage at lower dose level and as much as ITV coverage at higher dose level after abiding by the GI constraints.  Since the overlap between targets and OARs vary from patient to patient, percentage of target volume covered at high dose levels has to be staged in order to avoid OARs.

We have developed AI techniques to navigate the optimal strategies to achieve high quality plans. The proposed system is based on a reinforcement learning (RL) framework which includes: (1) the planning states, which is designed in a similar fashion to how planners evaluate plans (e.g. constraint satisfaction, target coverage); (2) the planning objective adjustment actions that planners would take to address different planning needs; (3) a reward scheme based on physician’s prescriptions.  The RL strategy follows the state-action-reward-state-action (SARSA) algorithm with limited dimensionality which is designed to ensure coverage and performance.

The training process essentially simulates how the human planner interacts with the planning systems, evaluating planning objectives at different planning stages, taking different actions at different states, and after each action, the planning result is re-evaluated and a reward is assigned accordingly.

Results

16 clinical cases were used to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach: 10 for AI training and 6 for validation. All 6 validation plans satisfy OAR constraints, while maintaining comparable or better target coverage compared to clinical plans. Average AI planning takes 20 minutes vs. 30-60 minutes for manual planning.

 

Conclusions

The proposed AI approach can potentially improve clinical planning efficiency while achieving comparable planning quality.


Q. Jackie WU, Jiahang ZHANG, Chunhao WANG, Yang SHENG, Suradet JITPRAPAIKULSARN, Fang-Fang YIN (Durham, NC, USA), Yaorong GE
11:12 - 11:21 #17768 - C34-4 Clinical experience with calypso tracking in sbrt for pancreatic tumours.
C34-4 Clinical experience with calypso tracking in sbrt for pancreatic tumours.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a deadly disease being the 4th in lethality despite being the 10th in incidence. Additionally, more then 80% of patients are not candidates for surgical resection, and their overall survival with only systemic therapy is around 6 months. SBRT treatments of locally advanced adenocarcinomas of pancreatic head and body are challenging due to difficulties in motion management and in proximity of radiosensitive organs at risk, primarily the duodenum. The Calypso extracranial tracking system uses implanted fiducials to track tumor movement in real time without any additional radiation dose.  At our clinic we percutaneously implant fiducials under CT navigation into a pancreatic tumor and perform a standard simulation two weeks after implantation. The Calypso extracranial tracking system allows us to significantly reduce contribution of target movement to the CTV PTV magin thus reducing tumor target volume compared to delineating contours on a average 4D CT or compared to using abdominal compression. Patients are simulated in a deep inspiration or expiration phase and contoured with the help of MRI. This reduced volume allows us to prescribe higher doses or to reduce the number of fractions while at the same time keeping the probability of toxicity low. Using the Calypso extracranial tracking system has also shown that the pancreas targets have significant movement contribution from peristaltic movement of the GI track, apart from the respiratory movement contribution. We used this technique for all our patients with pancreatic adenocarcenoma since June of 2017, totaling 30 with locally advanced disease (unresectable) with excellent local control rates and long overall survival, rivaling that of patients who underwent surgical resection.


Domagoj KOSMINA (Zagreb, Croatia), Hrvoje KAUCIC, Luka NOVOSEL, Adlan CEHOBASIC, Vanda LEIPOLD, Jelena HAJREDINI, Sanja GASPAR, Marica KESER, Ivo PEDISIC, Dragan SCHWARZ, Sasa SCHMIDT, Andreas MACK
11:21 - 11:30 #17821 - c34-5 Prospective duodenal sparing decreases GI toxicity in pancreatic SBRT.
c34-5 Prospective duodenal sparing decreases GI toxicity in pancreatic SBRT.

Purpose

The proximity of the pancreas to the small bowel presents a unique challenge for pancreatic cancer stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). This study explores the safety and effectiveness of a novel approach optimizing pancreatic tumor coverage and duodenal sparing.

Materials/Methods

54 patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer were treated with SBRT from 2011-2018. Treatment was delivered pre-operatively (N=23), definitively (N=18), adjuvantly (N=5), or for recurrence or palliation (N=7). All patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided gold fiducial seed placement within and adjacent to the tumor. Planning involved a 4D CT scan with oral contrast, used in conjunction with EUS, PET, and diagnostic biphasic CT scans to identify the gross tumor volume (GTV). The planning target volume (PTV) was created by expanding the GTV by 2 mm. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) included the duodenum, stomach and small bowel. The duodenum, from the pylorus to the 4th segment, surrounding the GTV was delineated. The small bowel was contoured as a bowel bag from the diaphragm to L1. Three 10 Gy fractions, normalized to the 85% isodose surface, were delivered to the PTV on consecutive weekdays using fiducial-based respiratory motion tracking. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) constraints included stomach and duodenal V7Gy <40%, V15Gy < 25%, and V20Gy <15%. D33% for the duodenal circumference was < 20Gy, and duodenal Dmax <27Gy. Additional dose constraints included liver D50%

Results

All patients tolerated and completed treatment and there were no Grade 3 or higher toxicities. There were 6 patients who did not meet the above mentioned GIT relative volume based dose constraints as per the treating physician’s clinical decision. GIT mean max point dose was 2379 cGy (range 383-3156 cGy). Mean dose to 5 cc and 10 cc of the GIT were 1665 cGy (94–2610 cGy) and 1443 cGy (82-2414 cGy), respectively.

Conclusion

We treated 54 patients with our prospective duodenal sparing protocol to improve the therapeutic index. We have shown that our unique way of delineating the bowel and using relative volume based constraints can be as effective as or better than using absolute volume based constraints which are used in most SBRT protocols. 


Prashant VEMPATI (Lake Success, USA), Raymond CHAN, Peter K TAYLOR, Huma CHAUDHRY, Emile GOGINENI, Sewit TECKIE, Rajiv SHARMA, Vincent VINCIGUERRA, Maged GHALY
11:30 - 11:39 #17904 - c34-6 Novel treatment planning technique to facilitate safe pancreatic SBRT dose escalation.
c34-6 Novel treatment planning technique to facilitate safe pancreatic SBRT dose escalation.

Pancreatic stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as a promising improvement to the radiation component of trimodality therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recent data show dramatic clinical outcome improvements for patients treated with dose escalated SBRT. However, the sensitivity and proximity of organs-at-risk (OARs) such as duodenum, stomach, and small bowel pose a considerable challenge to escalation of prescription dose necessary for adequate tumo control. In our study, we identified patients treated on our institutional pancreatic SBRT protocol to 33Gy/5x, and replanned each case with non-coplanar arcs to maximal studied doses, and assessed OAR tolerance.

Methods and Materials:

12 patients were treated under institutional protocol with respiratory gated, triggered kV imaging, axial-arc VMAT plans (2-3 arcs) on a Varian Edge linac, with 10MV FFF beam. Plans were optimized in Eclipse TPS. Each patient’s treatment was re-planned with the addition of two non-coplanar arcs, at 10° and 350° couch kicks, to the axial arc. To isolate the impact of the non-coplanar beam arrangements on plan quality, the plans were optimized congruently with the clinical plans and utilized identical dose constraints. If PTV coverage of re-optimized plan was less than its clinical counterpart, the replan was normalized to identical PTV coverage percentage. Dosimetric quantities compared were: D[0.1cc] to duodenum, small bowel, and stomach; PTV and GTV prescription dose coverage and mean dose.

Each re-plan was exported to Mobius 3D which validated delivery of the plan with respect to gantry/patient/table clearance .

Results:

All non-coplanar arc replans met previously utilized clinical constraints. Mobius 3D verified each plan as deliverable with respect to patient/gantry/table clearance. The addition of non-coplanar arcs improved plan quality in every single re-planned case at no dosimetric expense. Median duodenum, stomach, and small bowel D0.1cc reductions were 203.1cGy, 166.2cGy, and 149.5cGy. PTV and GTV coverage was equivalent or improved in all of the non-coplanar arc plans as well.

Conclusion:

The incorporation of non-coplanar arcs is a simple and effective method to reduce OAR dose exposure in pancreatic SBRT planning. Such techniques become increasingly important as efforts to further dose escalate pancreatic SBRT treatments become more commonplace.


Evan THOMAS (BIRMINGHAM, USA), Christina BLALOCK, Rex CARDAN, Richard POPPLE, Rojymon JACOB
11:39 - 11:45 #17851 - c34-7 Stereotactic body radiation therapy in the management of oligometastatic colorectal cancer.
c34-7 Stereotactic body radiation therapy in the management of oligometastatic colorectal cancer.

Background: The prolongation of survival of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with the introduction of new systemic treatments increased the relevance of local approaches in oligometastatic setting. Aim of the present study was to analyze pattern of care and recurrence of oligometastatic CRC patients, and to evaluate predictive factors of survival.

Materials and methods: We included patients with histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma and maximum of 5 metastases. Previous or concomitant systemic treatments were allowedEnd points of the present study were the outcome in terms of Local control of treated metastases (LC), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results: 270 patients were treated on 437 metastases. Characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Lung was site of metastases in 48.5% of cases, followed by liver (36.4%) and lymph nodes (12.4%). Systemic treatment was administered before SBRT in 199 patients (73.7%). Median follow-up time was 22.6 months (3- 98.7). Rates of LC at 1, 3 and 5 years were 95%, 73% and 73%, respectively. Time from diagnosis of metastases to SBRT was the only factor predictive of LC (HR 1.62, p=0.023). Median PFS was 8.6 months and both control of treated metastases (HR 1.86, p=0.000) and single line of systemic treatment before SBRT (HR 1.86, p=0.000) were positively correlated to PFS.  Rates of OS at 1, 3 and 5 years were 88.5%, 56.6%, and 37.2%, respectively. Lesion greater than 30 mm (HR 1.82, p=0.030), presence of metastases in organ different from lung ((HR 1.67, p=0.020), the use of systemic treatment before SBRT (HR 1.82, p=0.023), and progression of treated metastases (HR 1.80, p=0.007), were all predictive of worse OS (Figure 1).

Conclusions: Stereotactic body radiation therapy represents an effective approach in the management of oligometastatic CRC. Control of treated metastases was a strong positive predictive factor for both PFS and OS.


Ciro FRANZESE (Milano, Italy), Tiziana COMITO, Davide FRANCESCHINI, Elena CLERICI, Fiorenza DE ROSE, Angelo TOZZI, Pierina NAVARRIA, Pietro MANCOSU, Stefano TOMATIS, Marta SCORSETTI

11:15
11:15-11:45
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A35
PARALLEL SESSION
EVOLUTION AND IMPACT OF RADIOSURGERY

PARALLEL SESSION
EVOLUTION AND IMPACT OF RADIOSURGERY

Moderators: Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Christer LINDQUIST (Medical co-director) (LONDON, Sweden), Paul SPERDUTO (Radiation Oncology) (Durham, USA)
11:15 - 11:30 What I Know Now That I Wish I Knew Then. Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)
11:30 - 11:45 How Radiosurgery has Impacted Radiation Oncology. Scott SOLTYS (ISRS 2023) (Speaker, Stanford, CA, USA)

11:45
11:45-12:30
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A36
PARALLEL SESSION
CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT OF BRAIN METASTASES

PARALLEL SESSION
CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT OF BRAIN METASTASES

Moderators: Pablo CASTRO PENA (Radiation Oncologist) (Cordoba, Argentina), Marcos MALDAUN (Neurosurgical Oncology) (São Paulo - SP, Brazil), Scott SOLTYS (ISRS 2023) (Stanford, CA, USA)
11:45 - 12:00 #17647 - a36-1 Single versus multifraction stereotactic radiosurgery for large brain metastases: An international meta-analysis of 24 trials.
a36-1 Single versus multifraction stereotactic radiosurgery for large brain metastases: An international meta-analysis of 24 trials.

Purpose: Multifraction stereotactic radiosurgery (MF-SRS) purportedly reduces radionecrosis risk over single fraction SRS (SF-SRS) in the treatment of large brain metastases. The purpose of the current work is to compare local control (LC) and radionecrosis rates of SF-SRS and MF-SRS in the definitive (SF-SRSD and MF-SRSD) and postoperative (SF-SRSP and MF-SRSP) settings.

Methods/Materials: PICOS/PRISMA/MOOSE guidelines were used to select articles where patients: diagnosed with “large” brain metastases (Group A: 4-14 cm3, or about 2-3 cm; Group B:  >14 cm3, or > 3 cm); 1-year LC and/or rates of radionecrosis were reported; radiosurgery was administered definitively or postoperatively. Random effects meta-analyses using fractionation scheme and size as covariates were conducted. Meta-regression and Wald-type tests were used to determine the effect of increasing tumor size and fractionation on the summary estimate, where the null hypothesis was rejected for p<0.05.

Results: Twenty-four studies were included, published between 2008-2017 with 1,887 brain metastases. Local control at 1-year for Group A/SF-SRSD was 77.6% and for Group A/MF-SRSD was 92.9% (p=0.18). Local control at 1-year for Group B/SF-SRSD was 77.1% and for Group B/MF-SRSD was 79.2% (p=0.76). Local control at 1-year for Group B/SF-SRSP was 62.4% and for Group B/MF-SRSP was 85.7% (p=0.13). Radionecrosis incidence for Group A/SF-SRSD was 23.1% and for Group A/MF-SRSD was 7.3% (p=0.003). Radionecrosis incidence for Group B/SF-SRSD was 11.7% and for Group B/MF-SRSD was 6.5% (p=0.29). Radionecrosis incidence for Group B/SF-SRSP was 7.3% and for Group B/MF-SRSP was 7.5% (p=0.85). 

Conclusion: Treatment for large brain metastases with MF-SRS regimens may offer enhanced efficacy and safety when compared to SF-SRS, particularly for tumors 4-14 cm3 (2-3 cm in diameter) treated in the definitive setting. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require validation by ongoing and planned prospective randomized control trials.


Eric LEHRER, Jennifer PETERSON, Nicholas ZAORSKY, Paul BROWN, Arjun SAHGAL, Veronica CHIANG, Samuel CHAO, Jason SHEEHAN, Daniel TRIFILETTI (Jacksonville, USA)
12:00 - 12:15 Japanese Study Group Update: Evidence from “crazy treatment” to standard treatment. Yoshiaysu IWAI (Neurosurgery, Radiosurgery) (Speaker, Osaka, Japan)
12:15 - 12:30 Pre-operative SRS for Brain Metastases : A New Paradigm. Stuart BURRI (Chairman) (Speaker, Charlotte, USA)
11:45 - 12:30 Current status of pronostic models and grading systems. Paul SPERDUTO (Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Durham, USA)

11:45-12:45
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B36
Oral Session
FUNCTIONAL #2 - MOVEMENT DISORDERS

Oral Session
FUNCTIONAL #2 - MOVEMENT DISORDERS

Moderators: Joao Gabriel GOMES (Neurosurgeon) (Recife, Brazil), Christer LINDQUIST (Medical co-director) (LONDON, Sweden), Alessandra MOURA LIMA (Sau Paulo, Brazil)
11:45 - 11:55 #17895 - b36-1 Probabilistic tractography for radiosurgical dosimetry of functional regions of the thalamus.
b36-1 Probabilistic tractography for radiosurgical dosimetry of functional regions of the thalamus.

RAD-1601 is a clinical trial to determine the efficacy of multileaf collimator based radiosurgical thalamotomy for essential tremor. Because the target location cannot be visualized using conventional MR sequences, it was determined using atlas-based stereotactic coordinates. The isocenter was adjusted to limit the maximum dose in the internal capsule to 26 Gy (20%). The stereotactic coordinates, isocenter, and creation of the treatment plan were automated using scripting of the treatment planning system. The prescription was 130 Gy maximum dose. Prior to treatment, diffusion MR imaging was obtained and used for single-subject thalamic segmentation based on probabilistic tractography (PT). Two relevant regions-of-interest (ROIs) were identified based on the PT results: the region most connected to primary motor cortex (M1), presumed to mirror the histologic ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM), and the region most connected to the supplementary motor area/premotor cortex (SMA/PMC), presumed to mirror the histologic ventral oral nucleus (VO). The corresponding ROIs were imported into the treatment planning system. Segmentation has been obtained for 4 patients. The volumes of M1 and SMA/PMC were 0.1-0.5 cm3 and 0.4-1.1 cm3, respectively. In all 4 cases, both the target based on stereotactic coordinates and the isocenter were located within the SMA/PMC rather than M1. The D0.03cc[Gy] was 81-91 Gy for SMA/PMC and 29.9-48.3 Gy for M1. The maximum dose was 130 Gy for SMA/PMC and 94.7-109.1 Gy for M1. Thalamic segmentation based on probabilistic tractography is a promising technique that may enhance traditional functional SRS targeting. In the future, prospective use of structural connectivity imaging data will result in more functionally relevant targeting for SRS thalamotomy. Correlation of outcome with radiation dosimetry to M1 and SMA/PMC are ongoing.


Richard A. POPPLE (Birmingham, USA), Erik H. MIDDLEBROOKS, Evan M. THOMAS, John B. FIVEASH, Rex A. CARDAN, Harrison C. WALKER, Barton L. GUTHRIE, Markus BREDEL
11:55 - 12:05 #17905 - b36-2 Preliminary results of phase II clinical trial for linac-based coneless and frameless SRS thalamotomy for essential tremor and tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease.
b36-2 Preliminary results of phase II clinical trial for linac-based coneless and frameless SRS thalamotomy for essential tremor and tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease.

Introduction:

Radiosurgery (SRS) has been used to manage tremor in patients with medically refractory tremor. Because of high doses, small target, and required precision, Gamma Knife has been the traditional platform. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a safe, effective, and precise alternative on the linear accelerator without frame or cone. We present here a pre-clinical evaluation of the technique, pilot treatment, and early results of recently-opened phase II evaluation trial of this technique for non-DBS candidate patients.

Methods

Patients’ pre-treatment tremor was evaluated with FTM score and PROMIS index. Patients were imaged on a Phillips 3T Magnetom Prisma MRI with additional optional Siemens 7T Magnetom MR imaging, to generate MPRAGE, diffusion-weighted tractographic, and resting-state fMRI sequences. VIM was identified via thalamic parcellation and compared to stereotactic reference location. Scan was fused to  thin-slice CT simulation obtained with patient immobilized in Qfix Encompass rigid mask. VIM was targeted to 130Gy dmax. SRS was delivered on Varian Edge linac with high-definition multi-leaf collimator (HDMLC) and intrafraction optical surface monitoring (OSMS) to ensure patient stationariness. Treatment was delivered in 13 flattening-filter free non-coplanar arcs with fixed-MLC position and pre-determined beam modulation (Virtual Cone), resulting in spherical dose equivalent to 4mm Gamma Knife shot. Post-treatment imaging and FTM/PROMIS scores were compared to pre-treatment baselines at scheduled intervals.

Results

In the study, 12 patients underwent VIM thalamotomy. QA revealed treatment accuracy to 0.3mm. Median follow-up was 4 months. All patients demonstrated T1-enhancing lesion at site of treatment. All patients had some degree of tremor improvement in limb contralateral to treatment site, ranging from near complete to modest tremor relief. No patient experienced grade 2 or greater treatment-related adverse effect. Additional follow-up continues.

Conclusion

Functional radiosurgery can now be delivered with equivalent dosimetry in comparison to Gamma Knife plans. Treatments on a coneless, frameless linac platform are fast and well tolerated, but as with all functional SRS, require collaborative expertise from an experience functional neurosurgeon, CNS radiation oncologist, and physicist comfortable with small target, high dose QA.


Evan THOMAS (BIRMINGHAM, USA), Richard POPPLE, John FIVEASH, Barton GUTHRIE, Markus BREDEL
12:05 - 12:15 #17661 - b36-3 Ventro-lateral motor thalamus abnormal functional connectivity before and after left Vim radiosurgery for drug-resistant essential tremor: a resting-state fMRI study.
b36-3 Ventro-lateral motor thalamus abnormal functional connectivity before and after left Vim radiosurgery for drug-resistant essential tremor: a resting-state fMRI study.

Background:Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder. Resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging method acquired in absence of any task. 

Objective: The first aim of the present study was to correlate pretherapeutic ventro-lateral thalamus functional connectivity (FC) with clinical result 1 year after Vim radiosurgery (Vim RS) for drug-resistant ET. The second aim was to evaluate blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) changes between pre- and postherapeutic state. 

Methods: Resting-state was acquired for 17 consecutive (right handed) patients, before and after left unilateral Vim RS. Tremor network was investigated using region-of-interest (ROI), left ventro-lateral ventral (VLV, Morel’s nomenclature) cluster, obtained using automated segmentation from pretherapeutic diffusion MRI. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) was assessed as correlations between the VLV’s time courses and the one of every voxel. One-year MR-signature volume was always located inside VLV and did not correlate with any reported seed-FC measures (p>0.05). 

Results: We report statistically significant correlations betweenpretherapeutic seed-FC with 1 year clinical outcome for: 1). right visual association area (Brodmann area, BA 19) predicting 1 year activities of daily living (ADL) drop (punc=0.02); 2). left fusiform gyrus (BA 37) predicting 1 year head tremor score improvement (punc=0.04); 3). posterior cingulate (left BA 23, puncor=0.009), lateral temporal cortex (right BA 21, punc=0.02) predicting time to tremor arrest . Longitudinal study displayed changes within right dorsal attention (frontal eye-fields and posterior parietal) and salience (anterior insula) networks, as well as areas involved in hand movement planning or language production. 

Conclusions: Our results suggest that pretherapeutic resting-state seed-FC of left VLV predicts tremor and time to tremor arrest after Vim RS for ET. Visual areas are identified as the main regions in this correlation. Longitudinal changes display reorganization of dorsal attention and salience networks after Vim RS. Beside attentional gateway, they are also known for their major role in facilitating a rapid access to the motor system.


Constantin TULEASCA (Lausanne, Switzerland), Jean RÉGIS, Elena NAJDENOVSKA, Tatiana WITJAS, Nadine GIRARD, Mohamed FAOUZI, Vincent MARION, Jean-Philippe THIRAN, Meritxell BACH CUADRA, Marc LEVIVIER, Dimitri VAN DE VILLE
12:15 - 12:25 #17868 - b36-4 Radiosurgical Pallidotomy for Generalised & Focal Dystonias: Is It The Last Part in The Ship of Theseus.
b36-4 Radiosurgical Pallidotomy for Generalised & Focal Dystonias: Is It The Last Part in The Ship of Theseus.

Objective 

To evaluate the role of radiosurgical pallidotomy in cases of medically refractory generalised and focal dystonias in current era.

Introduction

Gamma knife radiosurgery has been proved to be effective in the management of medically refractory dystonia. Technically, it is considered inferior to deep brain stimulation on the virtue of absence of real time monitoring, latency period for effective results, and irreversible nature of lesioning [1]. We present our experience with five cases of generalised dystonia managed with radiosurgery ablation of the globus pallidus interna. 

Material and Methods

5 patients were treated with Leksell Perfexion gamma knife radiosurgery. 3/5 patients were primary dystonia, while one was suffering from neuroacanthosis, and another developed post traumatic dystonia. Radiosurgical pallidotomy was performed. The target was localised on magnetic resonance imaging after fusion with anatomical atlas. A single shot of 4 mm collimator was used with 140 Gy marginal dose at prescription iso dose of 100% [1,2]. Peri procedure steroids were administered.

Results

The median time to improvement was 70 days. Complete abolition of movement was observed in 20% of patients, while excellent relief in 40%. New onset deficit was observed in 2/5 (40%) patients. One patient developed bilateral homonymous hemianopia within one week of GKRS. Another patient developed hemiparesis after 4 months of radiosurgery due to development of infarct in the posterior limb of internal capsule. One patient developed steroid resistant brain edema which needed Bevacizumab for the management. Follow up radiology at three months resulted in 4-5 mm well circumscribed lesion with peripheral contrast enhancement surrounding a low signal region. 

Conclusion

Radiosurgical pallidotomy is not a shot in the dark. It should still be considered a treatment modality for selected cases of dystonia. It remains an attractive option in patients with advanced age, significant medical comorbidities, that forbid open stereotactic procedures, or patients on anticoagulation therapy. In resource stricken countries such as India, where majority of the population remains noninsured, lesion intervention is a more feasible option. 


Manjul TRIPATHI (Chandigarh, India)
12:25 - 12:35 #17485 - b36-5 VIM Radiosurgery for tremor : results of a large prospective cohort of 626 consecutive patients.
b36-5 VIM Radiosurgery for tremor : results of a large prospective cohort of 626 consecutive patients.

Objective : Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKS) is one of the neurosurgical technics available for the management for severe drug resistant tremor. We are evaluating hereafter safety efficacy of GKS based on the prospective assessment of one of the larger cohort worldwide.

 Materiel & Method :  Between January 2004 & November 2018, 626 patients have been operated using GKS in Timone Marseille University by a single Neurosurgeon (JR). The tremor was an essential tremor (ET) in 432 patients, a parkinsonian one in 88, a mixt in 42, a multiple sclerosis in 8 and other in 11. GKS was performed on the left VIM in 81% of the patients who were males in 58,6% of the cases. The mean age was 73 years (min 31- max 93). Tremor, neuropsychological exam, speech, gait and balance were all assess before and 1 year after.

 Results : The mean follow up is 18 months. In 30 patients (4,7%) we were unable to achieve sufficient FU by ourselves and the FU was performed by the local neurologists of the patients or lost for FU. The mean delay of action of radiosurgery was 4,5 months. The mean disability was before GKS of 30,2/75 and at the last FU of 8,9/75 for a mean improvement of 70,5%. The amplitude of the hand tremor on the treated side was in mean before GKS of 18,7 and at the last FU of 6,6 for a mean improvement of 64,7%. The functional impact was in mean before GKS of 7,66/28 and at the last FU of 2,48/28 for a mean improvement of 67,6 %. An hyper-response to radiosurgery associated to clinical side effects (proprioceptive ataxia, dysarthria, hemiparesis) was observed in 77% of the patients and led to rehabilitation (+- Avastin or hyperbaric oxygen).

 Conclusion : It may be the largest series of GKS for tremor, with a strict prospective assessment. Results are demonstrating the high safety efficacy ratio of this approach in this population of aged and fragile patients. 


Jean REGIS, Giorgio SPATOLA, Axel CRETOL (MARSEILLE), Tatiana WITJAS
12:35 - 12:45 #17836 - b36-6 Gamma Forel's campotomy for dystonia with coarse tremor.
b36-6 Gamma Forel's campotomy for dystonia with coarse tremor.

Introduction: Multiple therapies exist for dystonia, however refractory forms are still challenging. In 1963, Spiegel reported stereotaxic radiofrequency Forel’s Campotomy (FC) to treat Parkinson's disease symptoms. The interruption of the fibers at this target improved dystonia and tremor. It also improved rigidity and tremor in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Objective To show a Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKR) Forel's campotomy to treat dystonia levodopa-responsive with coarse tremor component using the GK Perfexion model (Elekta AB).

Methods: A 29-year-old-woman with a history of neuropsychomotor developmental delay presented generalized dystonia and bilateral proximal tremor of great amplitude since childhood. Magnetic resonance was unremarkable. The dystonia improved significantly with levodopa. She increased dosage over the years up to 1200mg/day and finally lost control of the movement disorder. The most limiting symptom was the coarse proximal tremor in the superior limbs. The patient is right handed. Bilateral deep brain stimulation was offered but declined by the family. GKR was indicated to improve control of the tremor and the dystonia. The left pallido-thalamic tract received 140Gy at the 100% point, using two 4mm collimators. Final targeting was defined using fiber tracking, with attention to the internal capsule dose constrains. Stereotactic coordinates in relation to AC-PC line for the first collimator were x=9mm to the left,  y= at MCP, z= 1mm above, while for the second collimator were x= 10mm left, y= 1mm posterior to MCP, z=1mm above. Treatment lasted 126 minutes. The patient was discharged on the same day. Progressive improvement was noticed at 2 months post-treatment with the patient initiating self-care tasks.

Conclusion: Gamma Knife Forel’s Campotomy for tremor associated with dystonia is feasible. The literature on ablative procedure at Forel’s field is very scarce. Larger number of cases and longer follow-up are needed to validate this approach. 


Juliete MELO DINIZ (SAO PAULO, Brazil), Antônio DE SALLES, Rafael COSTA LIMA MAIA, Aline Lariessy CAMPOS PAIVA, Crystian WILIAN CHAGAS SARAIVA, Alessandra GORGULHO

11:45-12:45
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C36
Oral Session
VASCULAR DISORDERS

Oral Session
VASCULAR DISORDERS

Moderators: Marcello REIS DA SILVA (Neurosurgeon) (RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil), Zhiyuan XU (Gamma Knife) (Charlottesville, USA), Vladimir ZACCARIOTTI (Neurosurgeon in Chief) (GOIÂNIA, Brazil)
11:45 - 11:55 #17638 - c36-1 Safety-efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of ARUBA-eligible patients with unruptured brain AVM ⩽ 5 cc: a cohort of 247 patients.
c36-1 Safety-efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of ARUBA-eligible patients with unruptured brain AVM ⩽ 5 cc: a cohort of 247 patients.

ObjectiveAccording to ARUBA’s trial conservative treatment seems to be superior to any intervention for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The aim of this study is to evaluate if this cohort of ARUBA-eligible AVM with a volume ⩽5cc treated by SRS are in line with ARUBA trial. 

 

Materials and methods:A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the middle and long-term outcomes of unruptured naive brain AVM with a volume ⩽5cc eligible to ARUBA study treated by Gamma-Knife (GKRS) and followed at least 3 years.

 

Results:

From 1992 to 2014, 1979 patients were treated by GKRS for AVM in the Timone University Hospital, among them 249 patients were included in this study. The median age was 36 years (range 18-78). The median treated volume of the nidus was 1.3 cc (range 0.4-5) and 63% of the AVM were in eloquent areas (n=157). In most of the AVM, the RBAS was 1-1.8 (76%) (n=190), the Spetzler-Martin grade was II-III (73%) (n=180), and the VBAS was ≤1point (75%) (n=187).

The overall AVM obliteration rate was 77.1% after at least 3 GKRS session. The obliteration rate was 67% and 73.5% after 1 or 2 GKRS session. The average dose at the margin was 24 Gy (range 15-25) and the median follow-up was 45.04 months (range 36–205.28). Eight patients (3.2%) experienced a hemorrhage after GKRS session, corresponding to a post-GKRS hemorrhage rate of 1.03% per year. The permanent symptomatic RIC rate was 2% (n=5), among them 4 patients (4.7%) increased seizure, 1 with neurological deficit (2.1%). No patient presented radionecrosis or cyst were at last follow-up. 

Conclusion: Our results are not confirming ARUBA conclusions for this AVM cohort ⩽5 cc. The very low toxicity rate with the high occlusion rate is preaching in favor of upfront GKRS for naive unruptured small AVM.


Jean REGIS (MARSEILLE), Jean-François HAK, Giorgio SPATOLA
11:55 - 12:05 #17886 - c36-2 IntuitivePlan inverse planning performance evaluation for arteriovenous malformations.
c36-2 IntuitivePlan inverse planning performance evaluation for arteriovenous malformations.

Forward dose planning for Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) can be a challenging task and typically requires substantial planning experience to produce optimal clinical plans. IntuitivePlan offers an inverse planning software solution based on convex optimization. It allows additional user interactivity for fine tuning, which has the potential to improve the treatment planning process in terms of quality and efficiency.

In this study we aim to prospectively compare the performance of this novel software solution against manual plans performed by an expert user. A total of 20 arteriovenous malformation (AVM) cases were included in this study, and competing inverse plans were compared using various plan parameters including: Coverage, selectivity, Gradient Index, Paddick Conformity Index, Efficiency Index, beam-on time, number of shots and total planning time

Initial results show that IntuitivePlan produces plans of comparable plan quality for a range of AVM shapes and volumes. Despite the use of substantially more shots that are not “classical”, IntuitivePlan produces dosimetric indices comparable to an expert planner in less than 8 minutes.


Ian PADDICK (London, United Kingdom), Alexis DIMITRIADIS
12:05 - 12:15 #17021 - c36-3 Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Cortical Venous Drainage: Gamma Knife Radiosurgery as the Treatment of Choice.
c36-3 Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Cortical Venous Drainage: Gamma Knife Radiosurgery as the Treatment of Choice.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) in the treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with cortical venous drainage (CVD) and compare it with the outcome of endovascular therapy.

Methods: This series includes patients who underwent GKS or endovascular therapy for intracranial DAVF with CVD over 10 years (Jan 2007 to Dec 2016) at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Their demographic profile, clinical presentation, imaging details, and follow up clinical status were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical follow up was done once in every 6 months. Radiological follow up using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed at a mean duration of 24 months post intervention. Patients who had a clinical follow up of less than 1 year were excluded from the study.

Results: 35 patients (26 in embolization group and 9 in GKS group) who had intracranial DAVF with CVD were included the study. Clinical improvement was seen in 77.78% of the patients who received GKS and 57.7% in the patients who underwent embolization (p = 0.431). Complete obliteration of DAVF was seen in 55.56% of the patients in the GKS group and 57.7% of the patients in the embolization group (p = 1).

Conclusion: Our study shows that GKS is at least as effective as embolization in terms of clinical and radiological outcome in the treatment of intracranial DAVF with CVD. Contrary to popular perception, GKS should also be considered as the first line treatment of intracranial DAVF with CVD.


Hardik SARDANA (New Delhi, India), Deepak AGRAWAL
12:15 - 12:25 #16718 - c36-4 Dose Response in Volume Staged Radiosurgery for Large Arteriovenous Malformations: A Multi-Institutional Study.
c36-4 Dose Response in Volume Staged Radiosurgery for Large Arteriovenous Malformations: A Multi-Institutional Study.

Abstract

Background

Optimal treatment paradigm for large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is controversial. Volume-staged stereotactic radiosurgery (VS-SRS) provides an effective option for these high-risk lesions, but optimizing treatment for these recalcitrant and rare lesions has proven difficult.

 

Methods

This is a multi-centered retrospective review of patients treated with a planned prospective volume staging approach to stereotactically treat the entire nidus of an AVM with volume stages separated by intervals of 3-6 months. A total of 9 radiosurgical centers treated 257 patients with VS-SRS between 1991 and 2016. We evaluated near complete response (nCR), obliteration, cure, and overall survival.

 

Results

With a median age of 33 years old at the time of first SRS volume stage, patients received 2-4 total volume stages and a median follow up of 5.7 years after VS-SRS. The median total AVM nidus volume was 23.25 cc (range: 7.7-94.4 cc) with a median margin dose per stage of 17 Gy (range: 12-20 Gy). Total AVM volume, margin dose per stage, compact nidus, lack of prior embolization, and lack of thalamic location involvement were all associated with improved outcomes. Dose >/= 17.5 Gy was strongly associated with improved rates of nCR, obliteration, and cure. With dose >/= 17.5 Gy, 5- and 10- year cure rates were 33.7% and 76.8% in evaluable patients compared to 23.7% and 34.7% of patients with 17 Gy  and 6.4% and 20.6% with /= 17 Gy at 5 years (p = 0.007). For compact nidus architecture, the obliteration rates at 5 years were 10.7% vs 9.3% vs 26.6% for dose >17 Gy vs 17 Gy vs >/= 17.5 Gy (p = 0.952).

 

 

Conclusion

VS-SRS is an option for upfront treatment of large AVMs. Higher dose was associated with improved rates of nCR, obliteration, and cure suggesting that larger volumetric responses may facilitate salvage therapy and optimize the chance for cure.


Zachary SEYMOUR (Royal Oak, USA), Jason CHAN, Penny SNEED, Hideyuki KANO, Rachel JACOBS, Craig LEHOCKY, L. Dade LUNSFORD, Hong YE, Tomas CHYTKA, Roman LISCAK, Cheng-Chia LEE, Huai-Che YANG, Dale DING, Jason SHEEHAN, Caleb FELICIANO, Rafael RODRIGUEZ-MERCADO, Veronica CHIANG, Judith HESS, Samuel SOMMARUGA, Brendan MCSHANE, John LEE, Anthony KAUFMANN, Inga GRILLS, Micheal MCDERMOTT
12:25 - 12:35 #17861 - c36-5 Long-term results following repeat gamma knife surgery for incompletely obliterated arteriovenous malformations after the first gamma knife treatment.
c36-5 Long-term results following repeat gamma knife surgery for incompletely obliterated arteriovenous malformations after the first gamma knife treatment.

Objective: Gamma Knife Surgery (GKS) may be repeated for incompletely obliterated arteriovenous malformations (AVM) following initial GKS (iGKS). However, reports on the results are sparse. We reviewed our national series of patients.

 

Methods: Of 521 patients treated for AVM with GKS in Norway between 1988 and 2016, 55 (10.6%) (32 males, median age 39 y) received repeat-GKS including 26 (47.3%) unruptured and 7 AVMs (13%) with associated aneurysm. Two (3.6%) AVMs, one with prior hemorrhage and aneurysm, ruptured between treatments, at 5 and 29 months. The mean nidus volume was 1.67 cm³ (range 0.1-6.6) at iGKS and 0.49 cm³ (range 0.1-3.96) at repeat-GKS. The mean volume reduction and time between treatments was 62% (range 0-99.9%) and 44 months (range 5-110), respectively. Mean follow-up after repeat-GKS was 42 months (range 0-69). One patient (2%) refused follow-up.

 

Results: Complete obliteration was achieved in 28 out of 55 repeat-treated AVMs (51%) while 15 (27%) were reduced in size and 11 (20%) unchanged. The median time to obliteration was 57 months (95% CI: 40-74). Out-of-field failure was seen in 29 (52.7%) AVMs following iGKS (reapperance of compressed nidus by hemorrhage (n=2), inadequate angiography (n=5) and incomplete delineation of nidus (n=22)); and 3 (5.5%) following repeat-GKS (inadequate angiography). The risk of bleeding/year was reduced from 2.3% before treatment to 0.8% between treatments and 0% following repeat-GKS. The complication rate for iGKS and repeat-GKS was 9% (n=5); worsening of epilepsy (n=1), cyst formation (n=1) and temporary neurological deficits (n=3). One patient with an obliterated AVM died of an unrelated cause.

 

Conclusion: Our long-term results are encouraging compared to those predicted by the ARUBA trial. Following repeat-GKS the obliteration rate was increased from 0 to more than 50% with a low risk of complications. Of note, the risk of hemorrhage was reduced also for subtotally obliterated AVMs.


Bente Sandvei SKEIE (Bergen, Norway), Peter QUARCOO, Jan Ingemann HEGGDAL, Kjersti Gaustad KLETT, Elisabeth LARSEN, Paal-Henning PEDERSEN, Geir Olve SKEIE, Per Øyvind ENGER
12:35 - 12:45 #17875 - c36-6 Stereotactic Diffusion Tensor Tractography For Gamma Knife Stereotactic Treatment Of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.
c36-6 Stereotactic Diffusion Tensor Tractography For Gamma Knife Stereotactic Treatment Of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.

Objectives:

Advances in neuro-imaging have improved the safety of stereotactic radiosurgery. Nonetheless GammaKnife radiosurgery for AVM still has a risk of developing new neurological deficits which may be permanent. We report our experience with integrating stereotactic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography into treatment planning for Gamma Knife radio-surgery for Arteriovenous Malformations

Methods:

40 Day of treatment  Stereotactic DTI studies were performed in 37 patients who underwent GKRS for AVM. Marginal dose 18-25 Gy. 3 patients underwent staged SRS of large AVM & five patients were had previous GK for their AVM. DTI images were obtained at the time of standard GKRS protocol MRI (T1 and T2 weighted) for treatment, with the patient's head secured by a Leksell stereotactic frame. DTI was performed with diffusion gradients in 32 directions and coregistered with the volumetric T1-weighted study. DTI post-processing by means of commercially available software allowed tensor computation and the creation of directionally encoded color, apparent diffusion coefficient & fractional anisotropy mapped sequences. In addition, the software allowed visualized critical tracts to be exported as a structural volume and integrated into GammaPlan as an “organ at risk” during shot planning.Tracts at risk were subjected to dosimetry. Patient follow-up was 3 months to 3 1/2 years with 26 patients returning for post teatment DTI.

Results:

DTI allowed visualisation & dosimetry of eloquent white fibre tracts (optic radiation, corticospinal tract & arcuate fasiculus) during treatment planning.

Most patients had pathology in the vicinity of eloquent tracts and/or the cortex. One patient with mesial temporal AVM developed delayed worsening of a pre-existing hemianopia & another with AVM required steroids for cerebral swelling. no other neurological deficits due to radiation were recorded at follow-up.  

Conclusions:

Tractography has been reported to reduce the risk of motor complcations after SRS for AVM.iStereotactic Tractography represents a promising tool for preventing GK-SRS complications by reduction in radiation doses to functional organs at risk, including critical cortical areas and subcortical white matter tracts & further increase our knowledge of critical cerebral structure radiation tolerances to better improve the therapeutic potential and safety of SRS for AVMs


Cormac GAVIN (London, United Kingdom), H. Ian SABIN

12:30
12:45 - 13:45 FREE TIME FOR LUNCH - VISIT OF THE EXHIBITION & POSTERS
14:00
14:00-15:30
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C37
Session Ibero-Latin-American Society of Radiosurgery
Part I

Session Ibero-Latin-American Society of Radiosurgery
Part I

Moderators: Julio ANTICO (Argentina), Sergio MORENO-JIMENEZ (Chief) (Mexico city, Mexico), Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Madrid, Spain)
14:00 - 14:10 Advances in the Treatment of Giant Metastases: Surgery versus Staged Radiosurgery. Eduardo LOVO IGLESIAS (Brain and Spine Radiosurgery Program) (Speaker, San Salvador, El Salvador)
14:10 - 14:20 Radiosurgery as a Rescue Treatment for High Grade Glioma: Does it Work and Controversies. Pablo CASTRO PENA (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Cordoba, Argentina)
14:20 - 14:30 Advances on the Treatment of Spine Metastases: Radiosurgery versus Conventional Radiotherapy. Lucas Ignacio CAUSSA (MD) (Speaker, Córdoba, Argentina)
14:30 - 14:40 Radiosurgery in the Treatment of Multiple Metastases: The Importance of Global Volume. Christian VARGAS (Speaker, Peru)
14:40 - 14:50 Radiosurgery and Epilepsy. Sergio MORENO-JIMENEZ (Chief) (Speaker, Mexico city, Mexico)
14:50 - 15:00 Radiosurgery in Giant AVMs: Which is the Best Option? Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Speaker, Madrid, Spain)
15:00 - 15:10 Treatment of Cranial Base Tumors: When Radiosurgery? Alessandra GORGULHO (Director) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)
15:10 - 15:30 Discussion.

15:30 - 16:00 COFFEE BREAK - POSTERS & EXHIBITION
16:00
16:00-18:00
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C38
Session Ibero-Latin-American Society of Radiosurgery
Part II

Session Ibero-Latin-American Society of Radiosurgery
Part II

Speakers: Miguel A. CELIS (DIRECTOR) (Speaker, MEXICO, Mexico), Sergio MORENO-JIMENEZ (Chief) (Speaker, Mexico city, Mexico), Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Speaker, Madrid, Spain)
16:00 - 16:10 Radiosurgery Concepts, Devices, Penumbra and Precision QA. Daniel VENENCIA (Speaker, Cordoba, Argentina)
16:10 - 16:20 Certification Program in Radiosurgery: Requirements. Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Speaker, Madrid, Spain)
16:20 - 16:30 Radiosurgery in Large Lesions: Hypofractionation, Advantages and Controversies. Ignacio SISAIMON (Speaker, Argentina)
16:30 - 16:40 Radiosurgery in Pediatric Patients: Specific Concepts. Carlos CHIRAOLA (Speaker, Argentina)
16:40 - 16:50 Combined Treatment in Large Schwannomas. Jose LORENZONI (Speaker, Chile)
16:50 - 17:00 Radiosurgery in Acoustic Schwannomas. Jorge MANDOLESI (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, BUENOS AIRES, Argentina)
17:00 - 17:10 Long Term Follow up of SRS for Radiosurgery. Julio ANTICO (Speaker, Argentina)
17:10 - 17:20 SRS for Deep Cavernomas. Jessica CHAVEZ NOGUEDA (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, México, Mexico)
17:20 - 17:30 SRS for Glomus Tumors. Ascary VELAZQUEZ-PACHECO (Professor / Medical Staff) (Speaker, Monterrey, Mexico)
17:30 - 17:40 SRS for Choroidal Melanomas. Luis LARREA (Director) (Speaker, Valencia, Spain)
17:40 - 18:00 Discussion.

Wednesday 12 June
Time Segovia Plenary Segovia Break Out El Pardo I
07:30
07:30-09:00
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A41
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
QUALITY SRS/SRT: WHAT'S REQUIRED

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
QUALITY SRS/SRT: WHAT'S REQUIRED

Moderators: Guilherme BULGRAEN DOS SANTOS (Brazil), Alexis DIMITRIADIS (Physicist) (London, Austria), Anderson PASSARO (Medical Physicist) (São Paulo, Brazil)
07:30 - 07:50 Task Force Recommendations (AAPM/ASTRO). Steven GOETSCH (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Solana Beach, USA)
07:50 - 08:10 The ISRS Accreditation Program. Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)
08:10 - 08:30 QA perspectives in the management of respiratory motion. Andrea GIRARDI (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Brussels, Belgium)
08:30 - 08:50 Emerging QA techniques. Fang-Fang YIN (Medical Physicist/Professor) (Speaker, Durham, NC, USA)

07:30-09:00
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B41
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
EMERGING SBRT INDICATIONS

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
EMERGING SBRT INDICATIONS

Moderators: Sebastiao CORREA (RADIO-Oncologist) (São Paulo, Brazil), Richard POPPLE (Medical Physicist) (Birmingham, USA), Ben SLOTMAN (Professor) (AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands)
07:30 - 07:50 Cervical. Yoshiya Josh YAMADA (Speaker, New York, USA)
07:50 - 08:10 SBRT in the management of inoperable pancreatic cancer. Marta SCORSETTI (Director Department) (Speaker, Rozzano-Milan, Italy)
08:10 - 08:30 SBRT and liver. Lorenzo LIVI (Full Professor, Head of Radiation Oncology Unit) (Speaker, Florence, Italy)
08:30 - 08:50 Kidney. David PRYOR (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Brisbane, Australia)

07:30-09:00
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C41
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
VASCULAR DISORDERS

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
VASCULAR DISORDERS

Moderators: Leonardo FRIGHETTO (Neurosurgeon) (Passo Fundo, Brazil), Bruce POLLOCK (Physician) (Rochester, USA), Bruno SANTOS (Neurosurgeon) (Aracaju, Brazil)
07:30 - 08:00 Management of Unruptured AVMs in the Post ARUBA Era. Steven CHANG (Member) (Speaker, Stanford, USA)
08:00 - 08:30 Large AVMs: Strategies and Outcomes. Isaac YANG (Associate Professor) (Speaker, Los Angeles, USA)
08:30 - 09:00 Endovascular Combination Therapy: Best Practices. Eduardo WAJNBERG (Speaker, Brazil)

09:00
09:00-10:15
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A42
PLENARY SESSION
NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES & TECHNIQUES - PART I

PLENARY SESSION
NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES & TECHNIQUES - PART I

Moderators: Matthew FOOTE (Deputy Director / Co-Director) (Brisbane, Australia), Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Lausanne, Switzerland), Charles Ambroise. VALERY (directeur unité GK) (Paris, France)
09:00 - 09:15 Liquid Biopsy and Implications for SRS/SBRT. John SUH (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Cleveland, USA)
09:15 - 09:30 DTI & SRS for Behavioral Disorders. Alessandra GORGULHO (Director) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)
09:30 - 09:45 Brain Radiosurgery Without a Bunker. John ADLER (neurosurgery) (Speaker, San Francisco, USA)
09:45 - 10:00 MR-LINAC Technology. David JAFFRAY (Reviewer) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
10:00 - 10:15 #17783 - When the machine is challenging the expert : Intuitive inverse planning.
When the machine is challenging the expert : Intuitive inverse planning.

Background : Inverse doseplanning are nowadays far to be competing with the quality of doseplanning elaborated by expert with an experience of thousands of planning for Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS). A new inverse planning (IP) method based on « efficient convex optimization algorithms » is supposed to provide high quality doseplans in real-time.

Material and Method : Have been recruited 86 patients treated by single dose GKS for vestibular schwannomas (VS). The planning elaborated by the first author with an experience of 27 years and more than 15000 doseplanning is serving as a reference. The constraints determined by the planner lead the IP for a first real-time planning. Interactive additional constraints are proposed by the planner in order to optimize the plan and a second optimized plan is calculated by the IP. The primary endpoint is the Paddick index. Coverage, selectivity and gradient indexes, dose at the organ at risk, 12 Gy isodose line volume are compared among the three plans (expert, IP run 1 and IP run 2). The statistical analyses is planned on a non-inferiority trial design.

Results: After a single run of the IP, the Paddick index of the IP is already demonstrating to be non-inferior to the one of the expert. For the expert and the IP respectively, the median conformity index was 0,99 and 0,98, the median selectivity index 0,92 and 0,90, the median gradient index was 2,95 and 2,84, the median dose at the modulus of the cochlea was 2,83 Gy and 2,86 Gy, the median number of shot 14,31 and 24,13, the median beam-on time was 46,20 min and 26,77 min.

Conclusion: These preliminary results are showing that the “Intuitive Plan” IP based on « efficient convex optimization algorithms » is providing, in real-time, high quality doseplans with excellent conformity, selectivity and gradient indexes with specially optimized beam-on time. If the new IP proposed here is truly able to compete in real -ime with the quality of the plans of an expert with long years of experience, this would allow customers with limited experience to provide immediately there patients with high quality GKS. Moreover, for more experienced users, it may also help to save both time spent planning and beam-on time, while being able to interact intuitively with the dosimetry.


Jean REGIS (MARSEILLE), Hamdi HUSSEIN, Louise MERLY, Castillo LAURA, Anne BALOSSIER, Giorgio SPATOLA

10:15 - 10:45 COFFEE BREAK -POSTERS & EXHIBITION
10:45
10:45-11:15
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A44
PARALLEL SESSION
NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES & TECHNIQUES - PART II

PARALLEL SESSION
NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES & TECHNIQUES - PART II

Moderators: John ADLER (neurosurgery) (San Francisco, USA), Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Lausanne, Switzerland), Sergio MORENO-JIMENEZ (Chief) (Mexico city, Mexico)
10:45 - 10:55 #17633 - a44-1 Procedural aspects of stereotactic radiosurgery for ablation of ventricular tachycardia.
a44-1 Procedural aspects of stereotactic radiosurgery for ablation of ventricular tachycardia.

Purpose

Authors present procedural aspects based on case report series of cardiac radiosurgery in a patient with malignant ventricular tachycardia.

Material and methods

Patients with stable chronic heart failure (NYHA II, III) with decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, recurrent therapies for VT from Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) and failure of catheter ablation were treated by radiosurgical ablation. Stereotactic radiosurgery system CyberKnife was used. The location of the critical part of the arrhythmogenic substrate was determined by electroanatomic mapping during catheter ablation procedure. The ICD lead was used as a surrogate for compensation of respiratory movements. No additional margin for Planning Target Volume (PTV) was added. We evaluated dosimetric aspects and and radiation-induced events.

 

Results

From January 2014 until March 2017, ten patients (9 males/1 female), mean age 66 years (range 64-80) received radiosurgical ablation 25Gy in one fraction. Mean PTV, treatment duration,  isodose line with prescribed dose, conformality index, and homogeneity index were 22.15 ccm (range 14.2-29.6), 68 min (range 45-80), 80% (range 66-84), 1.28 (range 1.15-1.78) and 1.24 (range 1.19-1.52), respectively. Nine correlation models have to be often created, median one per 12 minutes (range 2-15 min), to reach precision better than 3 mm (average correlation error 1,1 mm). Only one type of acute radiation-related toxicity was observed: nausea occurred in four patients with the target volume localized in the inferior wall of the left ventricle, close to the stomach. All four patients showed a good response to setron-based antiemetic drugs administered for three days. One patient (number 5 in apendix) with known mitral regurgitation presented with progression of regurgitation and changes in valvular morphology 17 month after radiosurgery (possible grade 3 late radiation related toxicity). No other late radiation-related toxicity events were observed and three patients suffered non-arrhythmic deaths during long follow up.

Conclusion

Stereotactic radiosurgery of recurrent ventricular tachycardia is feasible and seems a viable option as a bail-out procedure after failed catheter ablation of VT.


Jakub CVEK (OSTRAVA, Czech Republic), Radek NEUWIRTH, Lukas KNYBEL, Otakar JIRAVSKY, Lukas MOLENDA, Josef KAUTZNER, Marek SRAMKO, Petr PEICHL
11:05 - 11:15 #17738 - a44-3 Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected radiation-induced inflammation vs recurrence after SRS.
a44-3 Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected radiation-induced inflammation vs recurrence after SRS.

Brain metastases show very high rates of response to stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS.) However, a substantial fraction of treated lesions will enlarge and/or become more conspicuous, as early as 4 months or as late as 3 years or more, following SRS.  Management of these lesions is complicated by difficulty in definitively distinguishing radiation-induced inflammation (radionecrosis) from tumor recurrence / progression on imaging.  Surgical resection of a lesion can provide a histologic diagnosis and therapeutic benefit in such cases, but has dangers in patients who are poor surgical candidates. Conversely, stereotactic biopsy can provide a diagnosis with minimal risk, but does not provide needed therapeutic relief. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT), which combines minimally invasive laser thermal ablation with real time in vivo MRI-based temperature monitoring, has now emerged as a successful treatment approach for the management of radiographically progressive metastatic lesions post-SRS, which might otherwise have few remaining options. LITT proves effective against both radiation-induced inflammation and recurrent metastatic disease. Furthermore, ample evidence suggests LITT opens the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for a period of time after treatment, improving otherwise poor access for other modalities, including immune-based platforms. Therefore, LITT is well-suited to intracranial lesions, proffering a novel treatment platform on its own, while simultaneously potentiating therapies that otherwise provide limited efficacy in the brain. Unfortunately, LITT remains handicapped by a small radius of treatment (lesions larger than 3cm provide a challenge) and a lack of treatment specificity for tumor versus normal tissue. Despite these limits, LITT has reshaped our multi-disciplinary treatment algorithm for radiographic progression as applied in our Center for Brain Metastasis. We present our current clinical experience with LITT in more than 50 cases of radiographically progressing post-SRS metastatic lesions. We also highlight our research efforts to enhance the technology with a novel nanotechnology platform.


Peter FECCI (Durham, USA), Scott FLOYD, Jordan TOROK, John KIRKPATRICK
10:45 - 11:15 #17740 - A44-4 Molecular profiling of high dose irradiated tissues identifies differential gene expression profiles between conventional and high dose “flash” protons.
A44-4 Molecular profiling of high dose irradiated tissues identifies differential gene expression profiles between conventional and high dose “flash” protons.

Recent studies have highlighted an enhanced therapeutic index of ultra-high dose rate, or FLASH, irradiation compared to conventional radiation treatment modalities (Favaudon et al., 2014). However, the molecular correlates of response remain unknown and may aid to delineate the molecular underpinnings of efficacy and toxicity.  While previous studies have focused on experimental aspects of electron FLASH we sought to test proton FLASH in a preclinical setting. To this end, a clinical Varian ProBeam irradiated the entire thoracic region of sex and age matched mice to a dose range of 15-20 Gy at FLASH (40 Gy/sec), Conventional (1 Gy/s) and pulsed-FLASH (FLASH dose split into 10 doses at 1 second intervals) dose rates. Upon sacrifice after 24 hours, the lungs were harvested for histology and genetic expression profiling using Agilent mouse genome arrays. We observed 15 and 20-fold fewer differentially expressed genes in FLASH and pulsed-FLASH respectively when compared to the conventionally treated samples. To systematically assess the response pathways, we conducted Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) on all expression profiles and observed down regulation of cell cycle and mitotic pathways in all treatment groups. Notably, split-flash induced immune and inflammatory signaling pathways such as JAK-STAT. We observed up to a 30% reduction in lung fibrosis, as well as reduced incidence of skin dermatitis and improved overall survival in FLASH- vs conventionally-treated mice. These findings highlight that flash modalities induce a unique subset of pathways which are not present in conventional proton therapy. Future work will seek to further validate our preliminary results of differential expression profiles and to provide insight into the mechanism of action of FLASH radiation and its impact on potential therapeutic opportunities.


Angel KU VILLANUEVA, Swati GIRDHANI, Eric ABEL, Isabel JACKSON, John ELEY, Zeljko VUJASKOVIC, Renate PARRY, Sengupta DEBANTI (Palo ALto, USA)

10:45-11:45
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B44
PARALLEL SESSION
OVERVIEW OF CURRENT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR GLIOMAS

PARALLEL SESSION
OVERVIEW OF CURRENT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR GLIOMAS

Moderators: Jing LI (Radiation Oncologist) (Houston, USA), Marcos MALDAUN (Neurosurgical Oncology) (São Paulo - SP, Brazil), José Marcus ROTTA (Presidente) (Brazil)
10:45 - 10:55 Advancements of Immunotherapy for GBMs. Samuel CHAO (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Cleveland, OH, USA)
10:55 - 11:05 What are the target and margin? John P. KIRKPATRICK (Professor - Radiation Oncology & Neurosurgey) (Speaker, Durham, NC, USA)
The rationale for radiosurgery the contrast-enhancing lesion alone in recurrent malignant gliomas
11:05 - 11:15 Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Gliomas. Luis LARREA (Director) (Speaker, Valencia, Spain)
11:15 - 11:25 Multimodality Approach for Glioma Management. Tony WANG (Professor of Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, New York, USA)
11:25 - 11:35 20 Years of Leading Edge GBM Radiosurgery: An Update. Christopher DUMA (Speaker) (Speaker, Newport Beach, USA)

10:45-11:15
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C44
Oral Session
OCULAR DISORDERS

Oral Session
OCULAR DISORDERS

Moderators: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Andrey GOLANOV (Chief of the Department) (Moscow, Russia), Bruno SANTOS (Neurosurgeon) (Aracaju, Brazil)
10:45 - 10:55 #16743 - c44-1 Relative survival rates and complications in uveal melanoma patients after C LINAC stereotactic radiosurgery.
c44-1 Relative survival rates and complications in uveal melanoma patients after C LINAC stereotactic radiosurgery.

Uveal melanoma (iris, ciliary body, choroid) is the most frequent intraocular malignant tumor in adults.

Long term analysis of 168 patients with intraocular uveal melanoma treated by stereotactic radio surgery (SRS) at linear accelerator in Slovakia by "One-day session" radiosurgery at C LINAC. The median tumor volume at baseline was 0.3cm3 with range from 0.05 to 2.6cm3. The therapeutic dose was 35.0Gy by 99% of DVH (dose volume histogram). Average overall survival after stereotactic irradiation was 1st year after SRS 96.4%, 2nd year 83%, in 5 years 82.7%. Survival rates at 5-year interval and the rates of secondary enucleating due to complications after one-day session linear accelerator irradiation were comparable to those achieved with other irradiation techniques used for treatment uveal melanoma. Radiation complications can lead to visual acuity reduction or secondary enucleation of the eye globe. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) is a severe ocular complication developing in high-risk patients with uveal melanoma after SRS. We analysed association between the secondary enucleation and the presence of secondary glaucoma or hemophtalmus as well as of the radiation-induced optic neuropathy after SRS. Secondary enucleation was necessary 16.7% patients due to secondary glaucoma. The presence of RION was significantly associated with a higher dose on the optic nerve (P=0.0123 in invariable and 0.0049 in multivariable analysis, respectively). Importantly, the overall survival of patients who underwent secondary enucleation was not different from the survival of patients without enucleation (P=0.7501).


Alena FURDOVA (Bratislava SLOVAKIA, Slovakia), Miron SRAMKA, Gabriel KRALIK, Martin CHORVATH
10:55 - 11:05 #17733 - c44-2 Gamma-Knife radiosurgery as an eye salvage treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma: three-year results of a pilot study.
c44-2 Gamma-Knife radiosurgery as an eye salvage treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma: three-year results of a pilot study.

Background: In some cases of chemoresistant or recurrent intraocular retinoblastoma (Rb) external beam radiotherapy (RT) is the only way to save the eye. Due to severe complications conventional RT currently has very limited use. To the best of our knowledge there is no information concerning Gamma-knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in the management of Rb.

Purpose: To present the three-year experience of single fraction GKRS of Rb as an alternative to enucleation.

Methods: Since June 2015 fifteen eyes of 14 patients aged from 12 to 114 months (mean 35) with Rb Group B (n=4), Group C (n=1) and Group D (n=10) were treated with GKRS. All patients previously were treated with all kinds of chemotherapy including systemic, intra-arterial, and intravitreal, different kinds of focal ophthalmological treatment. Due to different reasons there were no capabilities to preserve the eye using conventional approaches.

Three types of dosimetric plans were used and will be presented – single PTV for the whole vitreous cavity (3 eyes), PTV for single retinal or vitreous tumor (8 eyes), and double PTVs for double retinal tumors or retinal and vitreous lesions (4 eyes). In cases of massive vitreous Rb (4 patients) irradiation dose of 20-22 Gy at 50% isodose was prescribed along the inner MRI/CT contour of the eye globe and the lens. The retinal tumors were treated with 22-24 Gy at 50% isodose. Doses for critical structures of the eye and orbit have been also taken into consideration, and will be presented.

Results: Fourteen eyes were preserved. Complete tumor regression was achieved in 11 eyes. In 3 eyes more than 50% regression was seen. One eye was enucleated because of suspicion of tumor progression. Complications were analysed according to time after chemotherapy. Vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 4 patients and was successfully managed conservatively or surgically with intraocular Melphalan irrigation. In 5 eyes mild to moderate optic neuropathy and/or retinopathy developed. In 3 eyes retinal detachment occurred. One eye developed eccentric opacities of posterior lens capsule. No signs of iridocyclitis, keratopathy, and damage of orbital tissues, bones, or brain were seen. Follow-up was from 4 to 41 months (mean 12.5).          

Conclusions: The three-year experience of GKRS for Rb showed that it may be a reasonable treatment approach as an alternative to enucleation in selective cases. 


Andrey YAROVOY, Vera YAROVAYA (Moscow, Russia), Andrey GOLANOV, Valery KOSTJUCHENKO, Karina DZICCOEVA
11:05 - 11:15 #17781 - c44-3 Outcomes of gamma-knife radiosurgery of posterior uveal melanoma unsuitable for other eye-sparing treatment modalities.
c44-3 Outcomes of gamma-knife radiosurgery of posterior uveal melanoma unsuitable for other eye-sparing treatment modalities.

Currently a wide spectrum of eye-sparing treatment modalities for posterior uveal melanoma (PUM) are in use but they have limited indications.

Purpose: to present the results of gamma-knife radiosurgery (GKRS) of PUM unsuitable for other eye-sparing treatment modalities.

 Methods: Since 2012 sixteen consecutive patients aged from 15 to 78 years with PUM were included into the study and treated with GKRS. These tumors were not indicated to other eye-sparing modalities available in our clinic – ruthenium-106 brachytherapy, transretinal excision, transscleral excision, or laser treatment, because of the size or/and location. Majority of patients refused to remove the eye. Two patients had the only eye. Tumor thickness was from 5.5 to 9.6 mm, mean 7.7 mm, basal diameter from 9.4 to 21.4 mm, mean 15.0 mm. Four tumors were juxtapapillar. GKRS irradiation doses were 35-40 Gy on 50% isodose curve.

Results: Partial tumor regression was achieved in all cases. There were no cases of complete regression. Regression after GKRS was much slower than after brachytherapy. Two peripapillar tumors progressed and the eyes were enucleated.  Two patients underwent endoresection of irradiated tumors 2 years after GKRS because of very limited response. One eye was removed because of phthisis bulbi. Vision increased in 3 patients, decreased in 5. One patient developed liver metastasis and died in 2 years after treatment. Thirteen eyes (81%) were preserved. The follow up was from 12 to 82 months, mean 39 months.

Conclusion: GKRS is an effective treatment option for PUM not suitable for brachytherapy or surgical excision and can save the eye and vision in selective cases.


Andrey YAROVOY (Moscow, Russia), Andrey GOLANOV, Valery KOSTJUCHENKO, Vera YAROVAYA, Amina CHOCHAEVA

11:15
11:15-11:45
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A45
PARALLEL SESSION
EXPANDING APPLICATION OF SBRT: HEAD AND NECK -- OLIGOMETASTASES

PARALLEL SESSION
EXPANDING APPLICATION OF SBRT: HEAD AND NECK -- OLIGOMETASTASES

Moderators: Ana BOTERO (Radiation Oncologist) (Pembroke Pines, USA), Miguel A. CELIS (DIRECTOR) (MEXICO, Mexico), Sebastiao CORREA (RADIO-Oncologist) (São Paulo, Brazil)
11:15 - 11:25 #17814 - a45-1 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for head and neck cancers in previously unirradiated medically unfit patients.
a45-1 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for head and neck cancers in previously unirradiated medically unfit patients.

Background

SBRT has been established as an option for treatment of recurrent cancers of the head and neck (H&N) in previously irradiated patients. There has been limited data published on using SBRT palliatively for patients who have not undergone previous radiation therapy (RT).

Material and Methods

From August 2011 to August 2018, 66 patients with cancers of the H&N who had not received previous RT were treated with SBRT. Median age was 80 years (range, 25-98). 40 patients were men and 26 were women. 45 patients had newly diagnosed H&N cancers and 21 had recurrences previously treated by surgery. All were not considered to be candidates for curative treatment via surgery or conventionally fractionated chemoRT due to extent of primary of disease, presence of metastases or performance status. Median KPS was 70 (range, 50-90). Median SBRT dose was 40 Gy (range, 24-40). All but two patients underwent 5 fraction regimens. Median number of days between first and last fraction of SBRT was 15. Median PTV volume was 82 cubic centimeters. 32 patients received concurrent systemic therapy with SBRT (6 chemotherapy, 20 cetuximab, 4 chemotherapy and cetuximab, 2 nivolumab) and 34 patients received no systemic therapy.

Results

Median follow-up was 16 months (range, 1-89). Overall survival was 44% with a median survival of 10 months (range, 1-47). Local control was 68%, with 21 patients failing in-field at a median of 4.3 months. An additional 4 patients experienced marginal failure, with the majority of the recurrence occurring outside of the SBRT PTV.  Regional and distant control were 73% and 76%, respectively. No collected variables had a significant effect on control or survival using univariate and multivariate analysis, including age, gender, race, KPS, smoking, alcohol, stage, dose, time elapsed during SBRT, PTV volume or use of concurrent systemic therapy. Only two patients (3%) experienced grade 3+ toxicity, which included one grade 3 dysphagia and one grade 3 anorexia.  

Conclusion

SBRT is a viable option for control and palliation in previously unirradiated patients with H&N cancers who are not candidates for curative treatment. Rates of control, survival and toxicity are all similar to those reported in previously irradiated patients.


Emile GOGINENI (New York, USA), Zaker RANA, Prashant VEMPATI, Jessie KARTEN, Anurag SHARMA, Douglas FRANK, Doru PAUL, Nagashree SEETHARAMU, Maged GHALY
11:25 - 11:30 #17813 - a45-2 Safety and efficacy of repeat stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for local recurrence of head and neck cancer after initial SBRT.
a45-2 Safety and efficacy of repeat stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for local recurrence of head and neck cancer after initial SBRT.

Background

SBRT has been established as an option for treatment of recurrent cancers of the head and neck (H&N) in previously irradiated patients. There has been limited data published on effective means of salvaging patients who fail SBRT. Here we report on the safety and efficacy of repeat SBRT (RSBRT).

Material and Methods

From October 2012 to May 2018, 9 patients with local relapse of primary H&N cancer who failed first course of SBRT (FSBRT) were retreated with RSBRT. Median age at RSBRT was 67 years (range, 51-90). 7 patients were men and 2 were women. FSBRT doses were 25 Gy in 1 patient, 35 Gy in 3 patients and 40 Gy in 5 patients, all in 5 fractions. 3 patients received concurrent chemotherapy (CT) and 2 patients received concurrent cetuximab (CET) with first course of SBRT. Maximum toxicity grades were between 0 and 2 for FSBRT using CTCAE version 5.0. Local recurrences were diagnosed by CT and/or PET scans showing increasing size and/or avidity and confirmed pathologically via biopsy. Median interval between FSBRT and RSBRT was 9 months (range, 5-27). RSBRT doses were 35 Gy in 4 patients and 40 Gy in 5 patients, all in 5 fractions. Median PTV volume of RSBRT was 34.7 cubic centimeters (range, 8.6-90.2). The median percentage volume of overlap between the two SBRT courses was 64% (range, 26-100). 4 patients received concurrent CT, 4 patients received concurrent CET and 1 patient received concurrent nivolumab with RSBRT.

Results

 

Median follow-up (FU) from completion of RSBRT was 8 mo (range, 5-36). Overall survival rates were 78% at 6 mo and 57% at 12 mo. Local failure occurred in 4 patients, with one additional experiencing marginal failure, as the majority of recurrent tumor occurred outside of the PTV in this patient. Median time to recurrence was 4 mo (range, 2-13). 4 patients had not developed recurrence until their death or last FU at a median of 12 mo (range, 6-36). 9, 3 and 2 patients experienced grades 1, 2 and 3 toxicities, respectively. Grade 3 toxicities included fatigue in one patient and hearing loss in another, an expected side effect given that the cochlea fell within the PTV for both courses of SBRT.  No patient experienced grade 4 or 5 toxicities.

Conclusion

Repeat SBRT was well-tolerated, with rates of grade 3+ toxicity similar to those previously reported on H&N SBRT. Repeat SBRT is a viable option for those who fail initial SBRT.


Emile GOGINENI (New York, USA), Zaker RANA, Adam RIEGEL, Luis MADURO, Michael WOTMAN, Mihaela MARRERO, Edward GABALSKI, Lucio PEREIRA, Doru PAUL, Nagashree SEETHARAMU, Maged GHALY
11:30 - 11:35 #17815 - a45-3 Using the G8 screening tool to predict quality adjusted survival for elderly head and neck cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).
a45-3 Using the G8 screening tool to predict quality adjusted survival for elderly head and neck cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).

Background

The G8 has been a useful prognostic tool at baseline in order to predict elderly patients’ ability to tolerate surgery, chemotherapy and conventionally fractionated radiation. Studies have identified that patients with lower baseline scores, with the most common cutoff being 14, will be unable to complete curative treatment and should be considered instead for palliative measures. There has been limited data on how patients with lower baseline scores will respond to SBRT in terms of ability to tolerate treatment, local control (LC) and overall survival (OS). Additionally, while the G8 has been used as a predictor of prognosis at baseline, there has been little published on its use at follow-up (FU) after treatment.

Material and Methods

From December 2012 to November 2016, 171 patients with cancers of the H&N were treated with palliative SBRT. Median age and KPS were 75 years and 70 respectively. G8 scores were captured for all patients at baseline, 4-6 weeks FU after SBRT and 2-3 month FU. Factors influencing changes in baseline G8 score were compared through repeated measures ANOVA and the impact of change in score on OS and LC were calculated through Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

Median FU was 17.0 mo. Median baseline G8 was 10.5 (range, 4.5-16.0). OS was 40.4% with a median survival (MS) of 18.4 months. There were no significant differences in patients with baseline scores <=14 vs >14 in LC (71.0% vs 86.0%, p=0.104) or OS (38.3% vs 54.5%, p=0.171). Patients who saw a decrease in their G8 score at 2-3 month FU (n=69) had an OS of 8.7% with a MS of 8.6 months. This was significantly lower than patients who had a stable or increase in their G8 score at 2-3 month FU (n=102) with an OS of 61.8% and MS of 35.9 months (p<.001). Change in G8 score did not significantly affect local, regional or distant control, which were 74%, 67% and 60%, respectively. Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 9% of patients and there were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities.

Conclusion

Patients who are not candidates for curative treatment who have low baseline G8 scores still benefit from palliative SBRT, with high rates of LC.  Decline in G8 scores from baseline at 4-6 weeks and 2-3 months FU significantly predict worse OS compared to patients with stable or increasing G8 scores.  


Emile GOGINENI (New York, USA), Michael WOTMAN, Zaker RANA, Jessie KARTEN, Adam RIEGEL, Luis MADURO, Dev KAMDAR, Doru PAUL, Nagashree SEETHARAMU, Maged GHALY
11:35 - 11:45 Results of Oligometastases with SBRT. Daniel M. TRIFILETTI (Professor) (Speaker, Jacksonville, USA)

11:15-13:00
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C45
Oral Session
MENINGIOMAS

Oral Session
MENINGIOMAS

Moderators: Gus BEUTE (Neurosurgeon) (Tilburg, The Netherlands), Waltter KRAVCIO (NEUROSURGEON) (PANAMA, Panama), Dennis SHRIEVE (Professor and Chair) (NY, USA)
11:15 - 11:25 #17630 - c45-1 Optic nerve sheath meningiomas multisession radiosurgery. Preliminary results from a prospective study.
c45-1 Optic nerve sheath meningiomas multisession radiosurgery. Preliminary results from a prospective study.

Objective. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas are rare benign neoplasms of the meninges surrounding the optic nerve. These can be a significant cause of visual impairment. Traditional treatment options for optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) include observation, surgery and radiotherapy, but to date none of these has become the clear treatment of choice.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety, especially in term of visual sparing, and the effectiveness of multisession radiosurgery for ONSM.

Materials and methods. This is a prospective single center. Patients suffering for ONSM which underwent a multisession radiosurgery have been considered.

Inclusions criteria are a ONSM diagnosis, visual impairment at presentation, progression of visual dysfunction during the observation period, disease progression. Adulthood and the informed consent signature are also required. Due to the histological diagnosis imply an invasive and hazardous procedure, no biopsies will be performed and the diagnosis will be exclusively radiological.

Results. According to the study protocol 50 patients underwent a mRS in the period between February 2011 and November 2018. All, had a 25 Gy treatment delivered in five fraction (five consecutive days), prescribed to the 77-91 % isodose line (median 82%). The mean age at the treatment time was 51 years old (range 18-82; median 51 yrs). The mean treatment volume was 2.5 cc (range 0.5-9.5; median 1.8 cc). The mean dose to the treated optic nerve ranged between 8.3 and 28.5 Gy (median 24.4 Gy); the maximum point dose ranged between 20.1 and 32.5 Gy (median 29.4 Gy). The mean dose to the optic chiasm ranged between 1.5 and 21.9 Gy (median 4.6 Gy).

After a mean follow-up period of 35 months (range 4-80: median 30 months) only one patients (2%) developed  a visual worsening. Eight patients (16 %) improved and 41 were stable along the follow-up period.

The toxicity rate was always very low and no patients required medication due to complication related to the treatment.

None of the treated meningioma showed a radiological progression

Conclusions. Multisession radiosurgery for ONSMs was found to be safe and effective. Twenty-five Gy delivered in 5 fractions is an effective treatment modality for these kind of tumors. The treatment schedule controlled the tumors while sparing visual function.


Marcello MARCHETTI (Milano, Italy), Valentina PINZI, Cecilia IEZZONI, Laura FARISELLI
11:25 - 11:35 #17642 - c45-2 Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for large-sized skull base meningiomas: a preliminary report on 31 patients.
c45-2 Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for large-sized skull base meningiomas: a preliminary report on 31 patients.

Purpose: Although stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been proved to be effective and safe in the treatment of intracranial meningiomas, concerns are raised in the use of SRS for large-sized tumors with involvement of the skull base, which frequently encroach onto adjacent critical neurovascular structures. Here we investigated the role of hypofractionated SRS as a therapeutic option for large-sized skull base meningiomas.

Materials and Methods: Between November 2011 and December 2014, thirty-one consecutive patients (median age 55 years, 9 men and 22 women) had been treated with hypofractionated SRS using the CyberKnife for large-sized skull base meningiomas > 10 cm3 in volume (median volume 18.9 cm3, range 11.6-58.2 cm3). All patients harbored middle or posterior skull base tumors, most frequently of cavernous sinus (n=7, 22.6%), petroclival (n=6, 19.4%), or medial tentorial edge (n=6, 19.4%) locations. Most of them (n=27, 87.1%) did not receive any prior therapy and 4 patients received prior partial resection of the tumor. SRS was delivered in five daily fractions (range 3-5 fractions) with a median cumulative dose 27.8 Gy (range 22.6-27.8 Gy).

Results: With a median follow-up of 33 months (range 9-61 months), tumor control was achieved in 28 of 31 patients (90.3%). Treatment response on MRI included partial response (volume decrease > 20%) in 17 patients (54.8%), stable in 11 (35.5%), and progression (volume increase > 20%) in 3 (9.7%). Neurological symptoms improved in 10 patients (32.2%), unchanged in 20 (64.5%), and worsened in 1 (3.2%). Three patients underwent a craniotomy for their progressive tumors, which disclosed a histological diagnosis of atypical meningioma in all of them.

Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest a promising role of hypofractionated SRS for large-sized skull base megningiomas in terms of both tumor control and functional outcomes, representing a reasonable therapeutic option in select patients.


Young Hyun CHO (SEOUL, Korea), Hyuk-Jin OH, Kyoungjun YOON, Eun Suk PARK, Do Hee LEE, Do Hoon KWON
11:35 - 11:45 #17675 - c45-3 Long-term outcome of low dose (≦12 Gy) gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base meningiomas.
c45-3 Long-term outcome of low dose (≦12 Gy) gamma knife radiosurgery for skull base meningiomas.

 Objective: The optimal doses of radiosurgery for skull base meningioma have been reported 13 - 15 Gy. We have been intended to perform low dose radiosurgery for treating close to critical structure of skull base. We evaluate long-term efficacy of low dose (≦12 Gy) gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS).

Methods:Between January 1994 and May 2013, the authors treated WHO grade  Ⅰmeningiomas in 295 patients using low dose radiosurgery. Median treatment volume was  6.9 cm3, median prescribed marginal dose was 12 Gy (range 8 -12 Gy) . 22 patients with large volume tumors were treated by two-staged radiosurgery (volume fractions).

Results:  The mead duration of follow-up was 8.7 years (range 0.5 - 21 years). Local tumor growth control was 85%, Actuarial local control rates at 5, 15, and 15 years were 92%, 82%, and 74%, respectively. 5% were aggressive change of tumors. Univariative analysis revealed without preGKS surgery and below 60 years old were positive factor and sex, tumor volume, treatment dose, staged surgery were not significant for tumor control. The clinical outcome was improved in 15% and unchanged in 69% of patients. The radiation induced neuropathy occurred 7.1% (21 patients). The trigeminal neuralgia considering most devastating symptoms was improved or disappeared in 40% (4/10patients), but new trigeminal neuralgia was occurred in 4.4%(13 patients).

Conclusion:The low dose GKS (≦12 Gy) for skull base meningiomas can achieve long-term tumor growth control with low morbidity with a long-term follow-up period of > 8.5 years.But the aggressive change was still difficult to control; this not related radiosurgery however this may be natural course. 


Yoshiyasu IWAI, Hiroshi UDA (Osaka, Japan), Kazuhiro YAMANAKA, Kenichi ISHIBASHI
11:45 - 11:55 #17684 - c45-4 Gamma knife radiosurgery as primary treatment for convexity meningiomas: clinical results at long-term follow-up in a series of 206 lesions.
c45-4 Gamma knife radiosurgery as primary treatment for convexity meningiomas: clinical results at long-term follow-up in a series of 206 lesions.

Object. Surgical resection has been for many years the treatment of choice for intracranial convexity meningiomas. To date Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) has gained a clinical validation for the treatment of small, deep-seated tumors or in case of patients not eligible for surgery. Nevertheless, its role in the treatment of convexity meningiomas is still debated, due to the lack of clinical evidence. The present study aims to assess safety and efficacy of GKRS, as primary treatment for convexity meningiomas.

Methods. One-hundred-fifty-nine patients (107 females and 52 males; mean age: 59.7 years) harboring convexity meningiomas underwent GKRS as primary treatment, between January 2001 and December 2014. The total number of lesions was 206, with an average volume of 2.28 cm(median 1.35 cm3). Median margin dose was 15 Gy.

Results.The mean clinical and radiological follow-up (FU) were 65.1 and 56.1 months, respectively. At last FU 89.3% of lesions were stable or reduced in size. The actuarial 3-, 5- and 10-year progression-free survival were 94%, 92% and 76%, respectively. The actuarial 3-, 5- and 10-year local tumor control were 97%, 94% and 87%, respectively. Permanent complications after GKRS were reported in 6 cases (3.8%). Failure rate of GKRS was 10.7%. No treatment-related deaths were recorded.

Conclusion. GKRS demonstrated to be a safe and effective treatment for intracranial convexity meningioma providing high tumor control rates with low treatment-related morbidity. GKRS may represent a valuable alternative to surgery as primary treatment for patients harboring small lesions, or for whom are not eligible for surgery.


Filippo GAGLIARDI (MILAN, Italy), Michele BAILO, Giuseppe BARISANO, Nicola BOARI, Antonella DEL VECCHIO, Angelo BOLOGNESI, Pietro MORTINI
11:55 - 12:05 #17696 - c45-5 Optimized hypofractionated SRS regimens for perioptic lesions based on low alpha/beta ratio of the optic pathway.
c45-5 Optimized hypofractionated SRS regimens for perioptic lesions based on low alpha/beta ratio of the optic pathway.

Objectives:

Theoretically, hypofractionation can only be justified if there is a positive difference between alpha/beta ratio of the lesion and the alpha/beta ratio of the surrounding organs at risk. For the visual system 3 different alpha/beta ratios have been published so far, two of them negative, stressing the theoretical model. The knowledge of the alpha/beta ratio of the optic pathway is essential to calculate radiobiological dose parameters, such as the single fraction equivalent dose (SFED), from which optimized hypofractionated SRS (HF-SRS) regimens for perioptic lesions can be derived.

 

Material and methods

The alpha/beta ratio of the optic pathways was estimated from a meta-analysis of 429 studies published between 2000 and June 2018. We included 15 studies with fraction sizes between 1 and 31, considering the following inclusion criteria: frequency of radiation induced optical neuropathy, RION between >0% and <10%, follow up period of at least 24 months, no tumor progression, no prior radiation and detailed dosimetric analysis for the visual system. Additionally we included results from our center on 68 HF-SRS treatments and 161 single fraction treatments for perioptic lesions.

 

Results

The Fraction Equivalent (FE) plot method revealed an alpha/beta ratio of the optic pathway of 1.03 Gy, confidence interval [-0.38 – 1.60]. Based on this result and published alpha/beta ratios of brain tumors, optimized HF-SRS regimens were derived from SFED calculations. An increased SFED of up to 10% for perioptic meningiomas and of more than 25% for malignant tumors can be reached with optimized HF-SRS schedules, maintaining the same low risk of radiation induced optic neuropathy.

 

Conclusion

A significant benefit from HF-SRS can be achieved, because of the relatively low alpha/beta ratio of the optic system of 1.03 Gy. HF-SRS schedules can be optimized based on the knowledge of alpha/beta ratios and SFED calculations.


Herwin SPECKTER (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), Jairo SANTANA, Jose BIDO, Giancarlo HERNANDEZ, Diones RIVERA, Luis SUAZO, Santiago VALENZUELA, Peter STOETER
12:05 - 12:15 #17701 - c45-6 Atypical Meningiomas: pattern of post radiotherapy recurrences in relation to the irradiated area.
c45-6 Atypical Meningiomas: pattern of post radiotherapy recurrences in relation to the irradiated area.

Purpose:

In radiotherapy for macroscopic (residual) disease in atypical meningioma (AM), target volume definition and prescribed doses vary. Insight into the recurrence pattern of these tumors is needed for optimal target definition. The purpose of this study is to describe the patterns of recurrence after postoperative or salvage radiotherapy in our patients with AM.

 

Patients and methods:

Twenty-nine consecutive patients with AM referred to our department from 2005 through 2016 were retrospectively studied. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) was performed on a dedicated linac. The CTV was defined as the macroscopic tumor and included adjacent tissues that contained residual microscopic disease. CTV-PTV margin was 2mm. Prescribed doses were mostly 25-35Gy in 5 -7 fractions or 54-60Gy in 30 fractions, depending on the size of the PTV. The MRI scans that showed recurrent disease were registered with the planning CT and MRI scans to characterize the recurrences as in-field, marginal or distant. The relation of the recurrences with the dura was determined. 

 

Results

In total the included patients received 73 surgeries and 56 FSRT treatments. Median follow-up after FSRT was 11.2 years. In 72.4% of the patients a recurrence was diagnosed after FSRT. We found 26 in-field, 6 marginal and 7 distant recurrences; all were connected to the dura. First recurrence after first radiotherapy appeared after a median time of 3.3 years. Median survival after first radiotherapy was 8.7 years.

 

Conclusion

AM frequently recurs and multiple surgeries and radiation treatments may be needed. Most post radiotherapy recurrences of AM originate in or close to the irradiated dura and not in other adjacent tissues.  The high rate of in-field recurrence suggests high doses are needed. The high frequency of marginal recurrences suggests that radiation should be directed not only at the macroscopic tumor, but also at the adjacent dura.



Mônica Helena SCHURING-PEREIRA (Rotterdam, The Netherlands), Mirjam MAST, Jan VAN SANTVOORT, Rishi NANDOE TEWARIE, Rogier HAGENBEEK, Sjoerd VAN DUINEN, Ruud WIGGENRAAD
12:15 - 12:25 #17718 - c45-7 Hypofractionated SRS versus single session SRS for perioptic lesions. A single center study of 245 patients.
c45-7 Hypofractionated SRS versus single session SRS for perioptic lesions. A single center study of 245 patients.

Objectives:

Hypofractionated radiosurgery (HFSRS) of lesions in the sellar region is still controversially discussed as an alternative to single session SRS.

 

Material and methods

According to our protocol, HFSRS is performed when it is technically impossible to limit the maximum point dose to the anterior visual pathway (AVP) to 12 Gy. Between 2011 and 2018 a total of 72 patients with perioptic lesions (mean distance lesion-to-AVP=0.3mm, 69% in direct contact) were treated with HFSRS and 173 with single fraction (mean margin dose was 15.5 Gy, mean distance lesion-to-AVP=2.0mm, 30% in direct contact). In the HFSRS group, 7 treatments were performed with a 5 day course with a mean margin dose of 5x6.93 Gy, 56 treatments with 4x5.32 Gy, and 9 treatments with 3x6.31 Gy. Exact delineation of the optic pathways was performed on high resolution 3D T1 images and additionally since 2016 by applying FGATIR sequences.

  

Results

After a mean imaging follow-up period (FUP) of 23m [2-72m], local control was achieved in all lesions treated with HFSRS, except for 1 lesion (caused by pituitary apoplexy). An overall mean reduction in volume of 3.05%/m was observed. Mean FUP for ophthalmologic evaluation was 28m [2-79m]. Improved vision was observed in 10 cases; 1 case was confirmed for radiation induced optic neuropathy (RION) after delivery of 4x5.60 Gy as maximum optic point dose. All treatments were well tolerated and concluded satisfactorily. Spatial frame displacement during HFSRS course was measured <0.3mm using CT images. In the group of single session SRS, after a mean imaging FUP of 27m [4-78m], local control was achieved in all but 7 lesions, with an overall mean reduction of 1.52%/m. Mean FUP for ophthalmologic evaluation was 36m [7-81m]. 1 case was confirmed for RION, after delivery of 10.2 Gy as maximum optic point dose. For all patients dose volume histograms were analyzed for both nerves, both tracts and chiasm.

 

Conclusion

According to our preliminary results, HFSRS can be considered as an efficient and relatively safe alternative to treat lesions even contacting the AVP, benefiting from a low alpha/beta ratio of 1.03 Gy (study submitted to ISRS 2019) of the visual pathway.


Herwin SPECKTER (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), Jairo SANTANA, Jose BIDO, Giancarlo HERNANDEZ, Diones RIVERA, Luis SUAZO, Santiago VALENZUELA, Peter STOETER
12:25 - 12:35 #17728 - c45-8 Radiosurgical decompression for skull base meningiomas causing compressive ophthalmic neuropathy.
Radiosurgical decompression for skull base meningiomas causing compressive ophthalmic neuropathy.

Background & Purpose: Skull base meningiomas frequently need complex and technically demanding surgery risking morbidities. Radiosurgery is a strong alternative but considered as a controversial option especially for tumors causing compressive ophthalmic neuropathy. To reduce the risk of radiation toxicity, we applied hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (hSRS) in treating these tumors and reviewed our outcomes.

 Methods and Materials: Nineteen patients with compressive ophthalmic neuropathy (CN II = 9; CN III/IV/VI = 12) caused by meningiomas received hSRS between 2011 and 2014. All tumors were located at the skull base (cavernous sinus = 8; petroclival = 3; clinoidal = 8). hSRS was delivered in five daily fractions with a median marginal dose of 27.1 Gy (≈14 Gy in a single fraction, assuming an α/β of three) to a tumor volume of 13.1 ± 12.2 cm3. The mean follow-up periods was 27 months.

 Results: All tumors except one shrank after treatment, with a mean volume decrease of 26.1 % (range 4-48 %). In nine patients with compressive optic neuropathy, vision improved in 66.7 % (n = 6), was unchanged in 33.3 % (n = 3). Ophthalmoplegia improved in 66.6 % of eyes (n = 8), was unchanged in 25 % (n = 3), and worsened in 8.3 % (n = 1). One patient with histologically proven atypical meningioma experienced tumor progression and aggravation in neurological symptom.

 Conclusion: Our results suggest a promising role of hSRS for skull base meningiomas causing compressive ophthalmic neuropathy in terms of both tumor control and functional outcomes.


Eun Suk PARK, Hyuk-Jin OH, Eun Jung LEE, Kyoung Jun YOON, Young Hyun CHO (SEOUL, Korea)
12:45 - 12:55 #17799 - c45-10 Risk of carotid artery stenosis or occlusion after radiosurgery of cavernous sinus meningiomas.
c45-10 Risk of carotid artery stenosis or occlusion after radiosurgery of cavernous sinus meningiomas.

Introduction: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an accepted treatment option for patients with cavernous sinus meningiomas (CSM).  The risk of stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) after SRS of CSM has never been reported.

Methods: Retrospective review of 154 patients (41 men/113 women) having single-fraction SRS from 1990-2015.  Inclusion criteria included no prior history of radiation and a minimum of 12 months of MRI follow-up after SRS.  Pre-SRS grading of ICA involvement was based on the method of Hirsch et al (1993): Grade I (n=62), tumor touches or partially encircles ICA; Grade II (n=57), tumor encircles but does not narrow lumen of ICA; Grade III (n=35), tumor encircles and narrows the ICA.  The median treatment volume was 8.3 cm3 (range, 0.7-42.2).  The median tumor margin dose was 15 Gy (range, 12-20).

Results: The median MRI follow-up after SRS was 8.1 years (range, 1-24.9).  No Grade I patient developed ICA narrowing.  Three Grade II patients (5.3%) had asymptomatic ICA stenosis.  Five Grade III patients (14.3%) progressed to ICA occlusion (4 asymptomatic, 1 symptomatic).  The median time after SRS to stenosis or occlusion was 4.9 years (range, 2.8-7.6).  The 5-year and 10-year risk of ICA stenosis was 4.3% and 7.1% for Grade II patients.  The 5-year and 10-year risk of ICA occlusion was 10.3% and 18.1% for Grade III patients.  The 5-year and 10-year risk of symptomatic ICA occlusion was 0.7% for the entire group, and 3.3% for Grade III patients.  Multivariate analysis found younger patient age (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.99, p=0.03) and higher carotid grade (RR 5.4, 95% CI 1.7-17.1, p=0.004) to be associated with ICA stenosis or occlusion.   

Conclusion: ICA stenosis or occlusion was not uncommon after SRS for CSM if the tumor encircles the artery at the time of procedure, although it was typically not symptomatic. 


Bruce POLLOCK (Rochester, USA), Michael LINK, Scott STAFFORD, Ian PARNEY, Robert FOOTE

11:45
11:45-13:00
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A46
PARALLEL SESSION
FUNCTIONAL RADIOSURGERY UPDATE

PARALLEL SESSION
FUNCTIONAL RADIOSURGERY UPDATE

Moderators: Daniel BENZECRY ALMEIDA (Brazil), Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), David MATHIEU (Professor) (Sherbrooke, Canada)
11:45 - 12:00 Imaging of Mind Function & Resting State fMRI. Constantin TULEASCA (Staff neurosurgeon, senior lecturer) (Speaker, Lausanne, Switzerland)
12:00 - 12:15 Facial Pain Syndromes. K Singh SAHNI (Chief, Department Of Neuroscience.) (Speaker, RICHMOND, VA.USA., USA)
12:15 - 12:30 Movement Disorders. Jean REGIS (PROFESSEUR) (Speaker, MARSEILLE, France)
12:30 - 12:45 Evolution of Gamma Knife Capsulotomy for Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Miguel EURIPEDES (Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Full Professor) (Speaker, São Paulo - SP, Brazil)
12:45 - 13:00 History in the Context of Behavioral Disorder Surgery. Michael SCHULDER (Vice Chair, Neurosurgery) (Speaker, Lake Success, NY, USA)

11:45-13:00
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B46
Oral Session
METASTASES #3

Oral Session
METASTASES #3

Moderators: Lilyana ANGELOV (Staff Neurosurgeon) (Cleveland, USA), Kita SALLABANDA (Medical Direcor) (Madrid, Spain), Leonardo VIEIRA (Doctor) (Recife, Brazil)
11:45 - 11:55 #17636 - b46-1 Cranial radiosurgery using ELEKTA Unity MR-LINAC. Preliminary results on patient-specific End-to-End QA for a multiple brain metastases case.
b46-1 Cranial radiosurgery using ELEKTA Unity MR-LINAC. Preliminary results on patient-specific End-to-End QA for a multiple brain metastases case.

The ELEKTA Unity MR-linac combines a 1.5T magnet with a linac. The added value for cranial radiosurgery by such a system that combines diagnostic quality MR images taken before and during radiosurgery, is expected to be high. The aim of this work is to present preliminary results regarding patient-specific End-to-End QA for a multiple brain metastasis case treated with Unity. Spatial and dosimetric accuracy are evaluated in 3D, following a full clinical patient treatment workflow.

An RTsafe polymer gel filled phantom was created using anonymized planning CT scans of a real patient. Three arbitrary brain metastases (size ~ 10 mm) were delineated on the real patient planning CT scans A Monaco treatment plan was then created. The RTsafe polymer gel filled phantom was then irradiated as if it is the real patient following the clinical workflow: set up on a head frame and a thermoplastic mask, image guidance using the Unity MR scanning capabilities and treatment delivery with Unity. Immediately after the termination of the treatment delivery, without changing the set-up, the irradiated phantom was MR-scanned using a MR pulse sequence that derived 3D T2-maps of the phantom (spatial resolution of 1x1x2 mm^3). The high-dose areas within the patient-specific phantom exhibit low T2-values and therefore apear dark in the MR scans. A co-registration was followed between: a) the real patient planning CT scans were the RStructure file is superimposed and b) the 3D T2-maps of the irradiated patient-specific phantom. A bone-to-bone registration process was used. 

After the corregistration process and by blending the registered images, a direct inspection of the spatial coincidence between: a) the three PTVs structures and b) the corresponding  high dose areas (low T2 - dark areas), revealed a superb spatial accuracy of dose delivery. For a quantitative spatial and dosimetric analysis, the 3D T2-maps were converted to 3D relative dose maps. 1D, 2D and 3D intercomparison between the TPS calculations and the corresponding polymer gel measurements, revealed a truly satisfying 3D dosimetric precission. The spatial accuracy of dose delivery was also quantitatively verifyied. 

By the use of the proposed End to End QA methodology, it was demonstrated that the ELEKTA Unity MR-linac is capable for multiple brain metastases treatments with superb geometric and dosimetric performance


Evangelos PAPPAS (ATHENS, Greece), Georgios KALAITZAKIS, Thomas MARIS, Dimitris MAKRIS, Efstathios EFSTATHOPOULOS, Ioannis SEIMENIS
11:55 - 12:05 #17669 - b46-2 Rapid Rescue Radiosurgery (RRR) in the acute management of critically located brain metastases: a two-center short-term outcome analysis.
b46-2 Rapid Rescue Radiosurgery (RRR) in the acute management of critically located brain metastases: a two-center short-term outcome analysis.

Background: The management of metastatic lesions in the eloquent brain remains a major challenge. Adaptive hypofractionated gamma knife radiosurgery may be applied in next-to emergency situations to treat life- and function-threatening intracranial metastases deemed not indicated for microsurgery or other treatment; debulking or even ablative effects might be achieved within days to weeks post therapy. The application of this treatment modality in defined acute settings has been termed Rapid Rescue Radiosurgery (RRR). We report the expeditious effects of RRR during treatment and 4 weeks after treatment completion with focus on tumour ablation, salvage/rescue of organs at risk and toxicity.

Methods: 39 patients with 50 brain metastases, treated over 7 days in three separate Gamma Knife radiosurgery sessions (GKRS 1 - 3) between November 2013 and December 2018, were retrospectively analyzed in terms of tumour volume reduction, salvage of organs at risk and radiation induced toxicity under the period of treatment (GKRS 1 to GKRS 3) and at first follow up MRI (4 weeks after GKRS 3). The Leksell® Coordinate Frame G was mounted prior each GKRS. All patients were treated using the Leksell Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ (Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden) and Leksell Gamma Knife® Model C (Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey).

Results:  Frame mounting prior each GKRS was well tolerated. Mean peripheral doses at GKRS 1, GKRS 2 and GKRS 3 were 7.7, 8.0, and 8.3 Gy, respectively (range 6.0-9.5 Gy) at the 35-50% isodose lines. In the surviving group at first follow-up (n=38), mean tumor volume reduction was -6% at 1 week (GKRS 1- GKRS 3) and -53% % 4 weeks after GKRS 3. Six patients died prior to first follow-up due to extracranial disease; however, further neurologic deterioration post RRR was not reported in this subgroup of patients.

Conclusions: In this study, RRR proved effective in terms of debulking, rapid tumour volume reduction and preservation/rescue of neurological function. Radiation induced toxicity was not reported in this short term follow-up. RRR should be considered when microsurgery and other therapies are not feasible, yet an acute intervention remains necessary.  However, the true potential of this procedure lies on a set of synergic radiation-modulated immune responses aiming to achieve long-lasting systemic effect.


Georges SINCLAIR, Georges SINCLAIR (Reading, UK, United Kingdom), Georges SINCLAIR, Hamza BENMAKHLOUF, Kerime AKDUR, Mustafa Aziz HATIBOGLU
12:05 - 12:15 #17705 - b46-3 Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from renal-cell carcinoma.
b46-3 Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from renal-cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BM) is a significant problem in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). Local and systemic therapies including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) are rapidly evolving, necessitating reassessments of outcomes for modern patient management.

PURPOSE: The study purpose was to evaluate the impact of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) alone on the overall survival and intracranial recurrence rates in brain metastasis patients from RCC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The RCC patients with BM treated with SRS were reviewed. 74 patients were identified with BM treated between 2010 and 2015.  A total of 309 BM were treated with SRS with 1 to 24 BMs treated per session (median, 2 BMs). The median (range) of volume was 4,47 cc (0,3-19,8). The median (range) SRS treatment dose was 20 (15-24) Gy.

RESULTS: The median overall survival was 10 months (95% CI 6,5-13,3). Survival after 1-year was 43,2% for all patients. Survival was not statistically different between patients with < 5 BM versus ≥ 5 BM (P = 0,4583). Local control after 12 months was achieved in 87,1% patients. Progression-free survival after 12 months was 48,4%. Аccording to multivariate analysis, favorable prognostic factors were  KPS >70 and total target volume BMs <5 cm3.

CONCLUSION: SRS is effective in controlling BM in patients with RCC. Over half of treated patients survive  one  year, and no differences in survival were noted in patients with ≥ 5 BM metastases in comparison with those, who had < 5 BM. Factors predicting better survival were high functional status and low total target volume BMs


Andrey GOLANOV (Moscow, Russia), Sergey BANOV, Elena VETLOVA, Alexandra DALECHINA, Valery KOSTJUCHENKO, Natalia ANTIPINA, Ivan OSINOV, Amayak DURGARYAN
12:15 - 12:25 #17744 - b46-4 Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy to Large Resection Cavity of Metastatic Brain Tumors.
b46-4 Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy to Large Resection Cavity of Metastatic Brain Tumors.

- OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of postoperative fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS) and hypo-fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) to large surgical cavities after gross total resection of brain metastases.

- METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 41 patients who had received tumor-bed FSRS (5 fractions) or SRT (10 fractions) after resection of brain metastasis between 2005 and 2015 was performed. All resection cavities were treated with a frameless linear accelerator-based system. Patients who underwent subtotal resection, single-dose SRS to the resection cavity, or were treated with a fractionation schedule other than 5 or 10 fractions, were excluded.

- RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were treated with 5 fractions and 15 patients with 10 fractions. The median planning target volume was 19.78 cm3 (12.3 - 28 cm3) to the 5-fraction group and 29.79 cm3 (26.3 - 47.6 cm3) to the 10-fraction group (P [ 0.020). The 1-year and 2-year local control rates for all patients were 89.4% and 77.1%, respectively, and 89.6% and 78.6% were free from distant intracranial progression, respectively. No difference was observed in local control or freedom from distant intracranial progression between the 5-fraction or 10-fraction groups. The median overall survival was 28.27 months (95% confidence interval, 19.42 - 37.12) for all patients. No patient developed necrosis at the resection cavity.

- CONCLUSIONS: Fractionation offers the potential to exploit the different biological responses between neoplastic and normal tissues to ionizing radiation. The use of 5 daily doses of 5-6 Gy or 10 daily doses of 3 Gy is a good strategy to have a reasonable local control and avoid neurotoxicity.


Leonardo CONRADO (Salvador, Brazil), Tania KAPREALIAN, Alisson R. TELES, Stephen TENN, Nader POURATIAN
12:25 - 12:35 #17838 - b46-5 Immune checkpoint inhibitors and stereotactic radiosurgery in melanoma brain metastases.
b46-5 Immune checkpoint inhibitors and stereotactic radiosurgery in melanoma brain metastases.

Background: “On demand” Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) is increasingly used in combination with immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) to control melanoma brain metastases (MBM). However, little is known about potential interactions between ICT and RS in terms of toxicity and efficacy.

Goal: The goal of this retrospective study was to analyze results of a cohort of patients treated for MBM from January 2014 to December 2016 in our institution.

Methods: From an institutional database, we identified consecutive patients with MBM, treated with GK and receiving concurrent ICT with anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 within the 12 weeks of SRS procedure.

Results:  Sixty-two patients presenting 296 lesions were included, and 52 patients (84%) had ongoing ICT at the time of irradiation. Median follow-up time was 18 months (13-22). Minimal median dose delivered was 18 Gy. Median volume per lesion and total tumor volume were 0.219 cm3 and 2.1 cm3 respectively. The 1-year control rate per irradiated lesion was 89%. Thirty-one patients (44.3%) developed distant brain metastases after a median time of 6 months after GK. At the time of analysis, 34 patients had died. Median overall survival (OS) was 14 months. Median OS in subgroups treated with Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, multiples immunotherapy were respectively: 11 months, 15 months and 13.5 months and was not reached for Pembrolizumab subgroup. In multivariate analysis, positive predictive factors for local control were: delay since the initiation of immunotherapy more than 1 month (p=0.009) and previous brain irradiation (p=0.009). Total tumor volume <2.1 cm3 was a positive predictive factor for both OS (p=0.003) and intracranial disease control (p=0.038).  Predictive factors of toxicity were: female gender (p=0.001) and previous treatment with MAPK (p=0.05).

Conclusion: Combination of GK and ICT in MBM is safe and shows favorable outcomes.  A long duration of ICT before SRS seems to improve local control.

 


Charles VALERY (Paris), Charlotte FENIOUX, Aymeric AMELOT, Pierre-Yves BORIUS, Idriss TROUSSIER, Iannis LAMPROGLOU, Philippe SAIAG, Philippe MAINGON, Jean-Jacques MAZERON, Philippe CORNU
12:35 - 12:45 #17859 - b46-6 Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for resected brain metastases.
b46-6 Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for resected brain metastases.

Background: After resection of brain metastases, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to the surgical cavity reduces local recurrence with minimal cognitive impairment. For large surgical cavities, reduced single-fraction doses required to minimize toxicity can compromise local control. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (HF-SRS) may better balance tumor control with toxicity.

Materials/Methods: Patients treated with adjuvant HF-SRS following resection for brain metastases at Duke University Medical Center between 2012 and 2016 were included. The gross target volume was contoured per consensus guidelines with 2mm margin to obtain the planning target volume.  All patients were treated with image-guided SRS using a linear accelerator with high-resolution collimation. Patient demographics, primary disease characteristics and treatment details were recorded. Rates of local control (LC), distant brain failure (DBF), radionecrosis (RN) and overall survival (OS) were calculated.  

Results: 86 patients with a total of 91 lesions that were resected and treated with HF-SRS were identified. The median age and KPS were 61 and 80, respectively. The majority of patients were female (n=49, 57%), had extracranial metastases at the time of HF-SRS (n=53, 62%) and a single brain metastases (n=55, 64%). The most common histology was NSCLC (n=36, 42%) followed by breast (n=18, 21%) and melanoma (n=10, 12%). The median pre-operative maximum tumor dimension was 3.3 cm (range 0.8-6.2). All patients were treated in five fractions, the majority with a fraction size of 5 Gy (n=81, 89%). Median follow up was 10.7 months. The 2-yr LC and DBF rates were 69% and 63%, respectively. Subsequent brain irradiation was utilized in 38 patients. Median OS was 13.8 months and 2-yr OS was 38%. One case of symptomatic RN was observed.

Conclusions: Post-operative HF-SRS delivered in five fractions has an excellent safety profile and reasonable probability of local control. Close surveillance is warranted given the high risk of DBF in this setting.


Jordan TOROK (Durham, NC, USA), Andrew FAIRCHILD, Justus ADAMSON, Zhanerke ABISHEVA, Scott FLOYD, Michael MORAVAN, Peter FECCI, Fang-Fang YIN, John KIRKPATRICK

13:00 - 14:30 LUNCH (exhibition area), VISIT OF THE EXHIBITION & POSTERS
13:15
13:15-14:15
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B47
BRAINLAB SPONSORED SESSION
Novalis Circle Symposium: Clinical and Technical Innovations in Spine SRS Treatments

BRAINLAB SPONSORED SESSION
Novalis Circle Symposium: Clinical and Technical Innovations in Spine SRS Treatments

13:15 - 13:30 Value of SRS over Conventional Fractionation for Bone Metastases. Yoshiya Josh YAMADA (Partenaire: GOLD PARTNERS, New York, USA)
13:30 - 13:45 Commissioning and Clinical Implementation of Elements Spine SRS. Niko PAPANIKOLAOU (Professor and chief) (Partenaire: GOLD PARTNERS, San antonio, USA)
13:45 - 14:00 Clinical Experience Utilizing Elements Spine SRS. Pablo CASTRO PENA (Radiation Oncologist) (Partenaire: GOLD PARTNERS, Cordoba, Argentina)
14:00 - 14:15 Review of 6D Setup and Monitoring for Spine SRS Treatment. Amol GHIA (Associate Professor) (Partenaire: GOLD PARTNERS, Houston, USA)

13:15-14:15
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C47
ACCURAY SPONSORED SESSION
Cyberknife Radiosurgery for Intramedullary Arteriovenous Malformations

ACCURAY SPONSORED SESSION
Cyberknife Radiosurgery for Intramedullary Arteriovenous Malformations

13:15 - 14:15 Cyberknife Radiosurgery for Intramedullary Arteriovenous Malformations. Iris GIBBS (Professor) (Partenaire: GOLD PARTNERS, Stanford, USA)

14:30
14:30-15:00
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A48
PANEL 1
PITUITARY TUMORS POINT - COUNTERPOINT

PANEL 1
PITUITARY TUMORS POINT - COUNTERPOINT

Moderator: Manoel PAIVA (NEUROSURGEON/CHIEF DEPARTMENT) (SAO PAULO, Brazil)
14:30 - 14:37 The Case for SRS. Bruce POLLOCK (Physician) (Speaker, Rochester, USA)
14:37 - 14:44 The Case for SRT. Daniel M. TRIFILETTI (Professor) (Speaker, Jacksonville, USA)
14:44 - 15:00 Panelist. Yoshiaysu IWAI (Neurosurgery, Radiosurgery) (Speaker, Osaka, Japan), Alessandra GORGULHO (Director) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)

14:30-15:00
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B48
PANEL 2
SPINE POINT - COUNTERPOINT

PANEL 2
SPINE POINT - COUNTERPOINT

14:30 - 14:37 The Case for SRS. Amol GHIA (Associate Professor) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
14:37 - 14:44 The Case for SRT. Yoshiya Josh YAMADA (Speaker, New York, USA)
14:44 - 14:55 Panelist: Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with asymptomatic spine metastasis: observation versus early intervention. Lilyana ANGELOV (Staff Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Cleveland, USA), Moon-Jun SOHN (Stererotactic radiosurgery using Dedicated LINAC plateform) (Speaker, Goyang, Korea)
14:55 - 15:00 Panelist: Stereotactic radiotherapy for intramedullary spinal lesions. Yoshimasa MORI (Director) (Speaker, Kawasaki, Japan), Samuel RYU (Professor) (Speaker, Stony Brook, NY, USA)

14:30-15:30
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C48
Oral Session
PHYSICS #3

Oral Session
PHYSICS #3

Moderators: Batista DELANO (Brazil), Steven GOETSCH (Medical Physicist) (Solana Beach, USA), Uriel NOVICK (Chief Medical Physicist) (CABA, Argentina)
14:30 - 14:39 #17885 - c48-1 C48-1 Commissioning tests on a Gamma Knife Icon using an RTSafe humanoid phantom.
C48-1 Commissioning tests on a Gamma Knife Icon using an RTSafe humanoid phantom.

The RTsafe avatar phantom is a novel water based humanoid phantom, modelled on a patient’s CT scan, with a highly detailed skull anatomy created by virtue of its 3D printed construction. During the commissioning of three Gamma Knife Icon units, a variety of tests were devised using these phantoms:

Point dose measurements with ionisation chambers (PTW Semiflex 31010 and Pinpoint 3D 31014) were performed for single (16mm) shot plans and compared with the Leksell GammaPlan (LGP) calculated dose using the TMR10 algorithm. 2D measurements using EBT3 film and 3D measurements using gel dosimetry allowed End-to-End testing for complex multi-isocentric plans.
It was possible to mount the Leksell G frame on the rigid outer surface of the phantom. This allowed measurement of the degradation of stereotactic accuracy due to frame distortion. The four mounting pins were torqued to values between 20 and 90cNm in 10cNm steps. For each torque setting, separate CT and CBCT scans were acquired. Correction of the location of a reference isocentre was investigated when a treatment plan based on the stereotactic (fiducialised) CT was co-registered with a pre-treatment CBCT.

Results
Point dose measurements for the single shot plans demonstrated a mean error of -8.0% and -6.1% for Semiflex and Pinpoint respectively when compared to the TMR10 algorithm, but reduced to -3.4% when planned in the heterogenous phantom with Convolution. Local gamma pass rates for 5%/1mm were >95% for 2D film studies. 3D gel dosimetry yielded acceptable correlation between LGP and measured dose when assessed via DVH comparison and gamma index analysis.
Comparison between targeting using conventional stereotactic CT and CBCT showed a mean agreement of 0.25mm over a wide range of torque settings.

Conclusion
The RTsafe phantom has demonstrated its versatility for use in commissioning the Gamma Knife Icon


Ian PADDICK (London, United Kingdom), Ben EARNER, Thomas BURROWS, Alexis DIMITRIADIS
14:39 - 14:48 #16789 - c48-2 A high-precision, registration accuracy and full-system test for adaptive SRS.
c48-2 A high-precision, registration accuracy and full-system test for adaptive SRS.

A novel full-system test (FST) phantom and method have been developed to demonstrate and quality assure the geometric accuracy of image co-registration and overall shot delivery in the context of SRS using Gamma Knife® Icon™.  The method uses eight Vernier scale bars to achieve sub-voxel precision co-registration accuracy measurements and pin-located radiochromic films to determine overall shot delivery precision.  A Procrustes superimposition analysis method was used to assess residual registration errors and decouple these from focal precision errors which also contribute to the observed shot position full-system test error.

 

Validation tests demonstrated that artificially applied randomly generated synthetic registration errors of < 0.15 mm could be accurately detected and quantified.  Cross-validation of full-system test results with the manufacturer standard focal precision test demonstrated that both approaches measure similar focal precision errors, to within < 0.1 mm, and that registration and focal precision components of the full-system geometric error can be successfully decoupled using our Vernier registration analysis approach. 

 

CBCT co-registration errors were shown to be of comparable magnitude to the focal precision errors, demonstrating that CBCT registration based in-mask treatments can achieve sub-voxel inter-fraction geometric accuracy, rivalling traditional frame-based immobilisation.  Whilst real patient treatments also exhibit intra-fraction motion, the use of IFMM monitoring has been shown to restrict this error to the same order as the inter-fraction motion errors reported here. This novel full-system geometric test method and phantom design concept is in principle applicable in principle to any SRS technique involving high (sub-voxel) image co-registration performance, enhancing confidence in rigid registration based positional correction for these critical applications.


Michael NIX, Gavin WRIGHT (Leeds, United Kingdom), Peter BOWNES, Peter FALLOWS, Wayne SYKES
14:48 - 14:56 #16886 - c48-3 Interfractional Patient Motion and Adaptive Planning in Fractionated Gamma Knife Radiotherapy.
c48-3 Interfractional Patient Motion and Adaptive Planning in Fractionated Gamma Knife Radiotherapy.

Introduction:

The Gamma Knife Icon allows adaptive, fractionated radiotherapy (a-gkFSRT) of cerebral lesions in a stereotactic environment using cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) (re)positioning and thermoplastic mask fixation. Interfractional patient motion is countered with translational table movement and rotation of the treatment plan/shots, resulting in an updated dose calculation. Here, we analyzed interfractional patient motions and the corresponding plan adaptions.

Material and Methods:

We recorded a total of 439 fractions for 36 patients (15 male and 21 female) that underwent a-gkFSRT for intracranial lesions (meningioma, brain metastasis resection cavities, primary metastases, vestibular schwannoma and pituitary adenoma). For each fraction, we analyzed the mean interfractional patient motion and compared the resulting deviation after adaptive planinng. Furthermore, a subset of 198 fractions were analyzed in terms of plan quality of the daily plan adaption. Finally we analyzed the largest patient motions and the resulting deviations after plan adaption.

Results:

For all 439 fractions, the interfractional translation shifts were 0.05±0.55mm, -0.39±0.59mm and -0.08±1.37 mm in x-, y- and z-direction, respectively. The interfractional rotational differences were -0.15±0.98°, -0.09±0.62° and -0.15±0.93° around the x-, y- and z-axis. When analyzing 198 selected fractions, we found a deviation between planned and delivered fraction doses of -0.05±0.15% for the Dmin to the target, 0.08±0.40% for Dmax to the target, 0.00±0.06% for target volume coverage, 0.00±0.00% for PCI and 0.24±0.37% for gradient. Of note, even the largest interfractional patient shift (>2mm or >2°) did not result in clinically relevant deviations of dose distribution after plan adaption with only minimal deviations in gradient (<0.72%) and Dmin to an organ-at-risk (‑11.55%). 

Conclusion:

Interfractional patient shifts in a-gkFSRT are in submillimeter ranges and do not require patient repositioning. Daily plan adaption results in plans that are almost identical to the reference treatment plan, even in case of major interfractional positioning shifts.


Florian STIELER (Mannheim, Germany), Beate SCHWEIZER, Frederik WENZ, Frank Anton GIORDANO, Sabine MAI
14:56 - 15:04 #17708 - c48-4 Pre-treatment CBCT image verification for frame-based SRS on Gamma Knife Icon.
c48-4 Pre-treatment CBCT image verification for frame-based SRS on Gamma Knife Icon.

The Icon-model Gamma Knife (GK) introduced on-board CBCT for GK SRS.  Intended to facilitate mask-based SRS, Icon also provides an opportunity for QA of conventional frame-based patients via pre-treatment image verification.

Stereotactic definition of planning MR images for our frame patients is based upon conventional fiducial marker localisation.  Pre-treatment CBCT is performed routinely for these cases.  Within Leksell GammaPlan (LGP) pre-treatment CBCT is co-registered to planning MRI.  Since both should share a common stereotactic space, LGP-reported co-registration translations and rotations are ideally zero.  In practice non-zero values result from definition and co-registration uncertainties, but excessive non-zero values could indicate frame slippage or fiducial box displacement.

Analysis of 501 co-registrations from 470 patients fitted with one of four frames (n = 126, 121, 126 and 128, respectively) between Dec-15 and Jan-19 is presented.  CBCT was co-registered against a 120-slice 0.8x0.8x1.5mm voxel MPRAGE (n=465) or a 52-slice 0.4x0.4x1.0mm voxel CISS (n=33) acquired on a Siemens Avanto (n=483) or Aera (n=18).

Overall mean(S.D.) X/Y/Z translations and rotations were 0.16(0.39)/0.11(0.26)/0.67(0.34)mm and 0.15(0.31)/-0.05(0.22)/0.26(0.16)deg, respectively.  Mean differences of 0.00/0.21/0.38mm and 0.42/0.01/0.19deg MPRAGE-vs-CISS were significant (p<0.01) for Y,Z rotations and X,Z translations, as were Avanto-vs-Aera mean differences of -0.10/0.00/0.06mm and -0.20/0.03/0.38deg for X,Z rotations.   Single factor ANOVA indicated significant (p<0.01) mean differences in translations and Z rotation between frames.  No correlation to LGP-reported definition errors was found.

Pre-treatment CBCT offers valuable verification of MR fiducial-based stereotactic definition integrity beyond the LGP-reported definition errors.  Three cases of frame slippage were identified by this process, all characterised by excessive (>2 S.D.) values for at least two of the translation/rotation values as compared to the overall data.  More detailed analysis of our data has indicated dependence upon sequence, scanner and frame and these factors should be considered when interpreting pre-treatment CBCT verifications on Icon.


Gavin WRIGHT (Leeds, United Kingdom), Peter FALLOW, Paul HATFIELD, Nick PHILLIPS, Peter BOWNES
15:04 - 15:12 #17754 - c48-5 Comparison of initial setup accuracy of the ExacTrac system using the mask-base fusion method or the localizer and target positioner method for intracranial frameless stereotactic radiosurgery.
c48-5 Comparison of initial setup accuracy of the ExacTrac system using the mask-base fusion method or the localizer and target positioner method for intracranial frameless stereotactic radiosurgery.

Aim

The recent upgrade of the BrainLab Exactrac system (v6.2) removes the need for the use of a Frameless Localizer and Target Positioner (TarPo) at CT, allowing for treatment prepositioning based on a fusion of an internally stored CT of the frameless SRS mask base. The redundancy of the TarPo gives way for the use of the Frameless Radiosurgery Positioning Array at CT, allowing it to be contoured and its attenuation accounted for in iPlan dosimetry. We report on the initial setup accuracy of the mask base fusion (MBF) feature compared to the TarPo localisation (TL) method using ExacTrac <v.6.2 for patients receiving stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or fractionated SRS (fSRS) for intracranial tumours.

Methods

94 SRS (39 TL, 55 MBF) and 72 fSRS (40 TL, 34 MBF) patients were retrospectively analysed. The median initial image corrections in 6-degrees of freedom (DOF) were compared between TL (n=79) and MBF (n=79) for both SRS and fSRS (first fraction only) patients with a Wilcoxon-Rank test (p<0.05). Systematic and random error was calculated for all 6DOF using the daily initial corrections of all fractions of the fSRS patients.

Results

The median initial corrections for the TL method and MBF method respectively were: lateral shift -0.52mm vs -0.97mm (p=0.06), longitudinal shift 0.18mm vs 1.11mm (p=0.001), vertical shift 0.80mm vs -1.56mm (p <0.001), lateral angle -0.03deg vs -0.21deg (p=0.18), longitudinal angle 0.43deg vs 0.05deg (p=0.03) and vertical angle -0.15deg vs 0.07deg (p=0.37). The systematic error for positioning accuracy of fSRS was 1.5mm or less for all directions regardless of setup method, except the vertical shift (6.1mm using TL and 2.2mm using MBF). The random error for both methods was 0.9mm or less for all directions.

Conclusion

The initial setup accuracy is comparable between the TL and MBF methods. The longitudinal shift, vertical shift and longitudinal angle corrections are greater with the MBF method, but are less than 2mm or 0.5deg making them clinically inconsequential to the image verification process. An advantage of the MBF method is the redundancy of the TarPo allows for the Frameless Radiosurgery Positioning Array to be placed at CT and contoured, with attenuation then accounted for in the planning dosimetry, reducing the dose variation produced by the array during SRS delivery.


Katrina WOODFORD (Melbourne, Australia), Gishan RATNAYAKE, Sashendra SENTHI, Jeremy D RUBEN, Vanessa PANETTIERI
15:12 - 15:20 #17766 - c48-6 Using Cone Beam Computer Tomography for stereotactic space verification within frame-based Leksell Gamma Knife Icon radiosurgery.
c48-6 Using Cone Beam Computer Tomography for stereotactic space verification within frame-based Leksell Gamma Knife Icon radiosurgery.

Leksell Gamma Knife Icon (Elekta AB) includes a cone-beam CT (CBCT) to define the stereotactic space without the need for an invasive frame. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences between the stereotactic frame - based coordinates and the CBCT - determined coordinates.

We performed CBCT before frame-based stereotactic Gamma Knife radiosurgery for 212 patients as an additional quality assurance (QA) procedure within radiosurgery treatment. The rotational and translational shifts, maximum shot displacement,delivered maximum doses for critical structures and coverage of the tumors were recorded. The factors investigated were z-coordinates of the right and left posterior pins, tumor localization, Leksell stereotactic coordinates of the tumor, tumor volume,  mean and maximum definition errors for the MR study. The statistical analysis was performed by the R statistical package.

The maximum shot displacement in anatomy was more than 1 mm for 32 patients. Planned tumor coverage was no less than 99% but the delivered one was less 95% in 12 cases. The z-coordinate of the tumor (p=0.036), volume of the tumor (p=0.045) were associated with differences of  the coverage. The x-coordinate of the tumor (p=0.029) and the mean definition error (p=0.024) on MR images were associated with maximum shot displacement.

The understanding of the differences between the stereotactic frame - based and the CBCT 3D stereotactic space is an important aspect of Gamma Knife Icon radiosurgery.

The differences between radiological and mechanical isocenters in case of frame-based radiosurgery are often assumed to be 0.2 - 0.5 mm. But the uncertainty of target and the structure localization could lead to more than 5% reduction of the prescribed dose coverage of the tumor.  The method of stereotactic space definition (frame or CBCT) that obtains more accurate results should be determined as well as the clinical significance of the demonstrated shifts are supposed to be defined


Valery KOSTJUCHENKO (Moscow, Russia), Irina BANNIKOVA, Alexandra DALECHINA, Andrey GOLANOV, Sergey BANOV, Angelika ARTEMENKOVA, Ivan OSINOV
15:20 - 15:28 #17796 - c48-7 Preliminary report of stereotactic radiotherapy using mask system of Leksell Gamma Knife Icon.
c48-7 Preliminary report of stereotactic radiotherapy using mask system of Leksell Gamma Knife Icon.

Object: Leksell Gamma Knife Icon enables us to apply new methods of immobilization using mask fixation and the option of fractionated treatment. This provides exceptional accuracy and precision of radiosurgery, making it a possibility for many more disease types and many more patients to be treated. We have consistently selected mask fixation, except 3 AVM patients, who needed digital angiography after frame fixation for dose planning.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 566 patients (702 times) who underwent Gamma Knife Icon using mask fixation between September 25th, 2017 and December 31th, 2018 at Rakusai Shimizu Hospital. The most common disease was brain metastases (384 patients), followed by meningioma (78), vestibular schwannoma (24), AVM (17), trigeminal neuralgia (15) and others (48). Patients with small, few, newly diagnosed, and non-eloquent area tumors were treated in a single session. If the tumor volume was larger than 5.0 ml, recurrence, or the location was in an eloquent area, we applied a fractionated schedule. If the tumor number was large, we selected a multisession schedule. Therefore, 209 patients were treated in a   single session, 377 with fractionation, and 116 with multiple sessions. For higher accuracy, we changed the upper limit of the HDMM system from 1.5mm to 1.0mm for malignant tumors and 0.5mm for benign tumors.

Results: We selected fractionated schedules as follows; 7.0 Gy x 5Fr (5-10 ml), 4.2Gy x 10Fr (10-20ml), 3.7Gy x 10Fr (20-30ml), 3.2Gy x 10Fr (30ml-) for malignant tumors, and 2.7Gy x 10Fr for benign tumors. Compared with frame fixation, almost all of patients (97%) who had previously experienced the frame fixation felt more comfortable.

Conclusions: Although these results are limited to short periods, survival rated, local control rates and qualitative survival rated in patients unsuitable for SRS, such as those with large, recurrent, and eloquent site lesions, were within the acceptable ranges. Further examination is needed for comparison with staged Gamma Knife radiotherapy, Cyber-Knife and Novalis radiotherapies


Takuya KAWABE (Kyoto, Japan), Manabu SATO

15:00
15:00-15:30
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A49
PANEL 3
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA POINT-COUNTERPOINT

PANEL 3
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA POINT-COUNTERPOINT

15:00 - 15:10 Earlier is Better. Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Speaker, Lausanne, Switzerland)
15:10 - 15:20 Watch and Wait. Oystein TVEITEN (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Bergen, Norway)
15:20 - 15:30 Panelist. Gus BEUTE (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Tilburg, The Netherlands), Manoel PAIVA (NEUROSURGEON/CHIEF DEPARTMENT) (Speaker, SAO PAULO, Brazil), Isaac YANG (Associate Professor) (Speaker, Los Angeles, USA)

15:00-15:30
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B49
PARALLEL
STANDARDISATION IN RADIOSURGERY

PARALLEL
STANDARDISATION IN RADIOSURGERY

Moderators: Felipe ERLICH (Radiation Oncologist) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Patrick HANSSENS (Radiation Oncologist) (Tilburg, The Netherlands), Crystian SARAIVA (Medical Physicist) (São Paulo, Brazil)
15:00 - 15:10 Contouring: How do we improve what we see? Caroline CHUNG (Associate Professor, Radiation Oncology) (Speaker, Houston, USA)
15:10 - 15:20 #17857 - b49-2 The impact of the variability of target delineation on the resulting treatment planning and dose distributions in GK radiosurgery – a multicentre analysis.
b49-2 The impact of the variability of target delineation on the resulting treatment planning and dose distributions in GK radiosurgery – a multicentre analysis.

Objective

The aim of this study was to quantify the multiobserver variability in treatment planning for six common radiosurgery targets in relation to the variability in target contouring.

Material and methods

Twelve experienced Gamma Knife® centers participated in the study providing contours of targets and organs-at-risk together with the treatment plan for six common targets in radiosurgery.

The agreement volume index (AVI), defined as the ratio of the common to the encompassing volume for each target, was calculated. This metric was calculated for each volume within the X Gy isodose  (VXGy).  The correlation between the variability in the dosimetric and contouring parameters was assessed by plotting the AVI's of contours and volumes within the prescription isodose as well as for a broad range of VXGy. Variability in contouring and resulting dose distributions were also estimated by calculating the conformity of the plans to the average target.

Results and discussion

Analysis of prescription isodoses showed lower variability in treatment plan dosimetry for the cavernous sinus meningioma, pituitary adenoma and medium metastasis (AVI's of 0.28, 0.40 and 0.28, respectably) than in the contouring.  Variability between the plans and contours were similar for small metastasis (AVI = 0.37)  and the vestibular schwannoma (AVI = 0.48) but larger for the large metastasis (AVI = 0.52) . Absolute differences in dose at the voxel level also showed high variability for all cases, in the order of 5-15 Gy. Clinically, the coverage pass-rate to the average target ranged between 50% (cavernous sinus meningioma) and 83% (Vestibular schwannoma) across all the treatment plans.

Conclusions

The treatment plan dosimetry variability was as large as the contouring variability for this highly conformal treatment with enough range in dose coverage to have potential implications on tumor control.


Helena SANDSTRÖM (Stockholm, Sweden), Caroline CHUNG, Hidefumi JOKURA, Iuliana TOMA-DASU
15:20 - 15:30 Variations in dose According to Planning Philosophy. Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)

15:30
15:30-16:20
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A491
Oral Session
GLIOMAS

Oral Session
GLIOMAS

Moderators: Samuel CHAO (Radiation Oncologist) (Cleveland, OH, USA), Christopher DUMA (Speaker) (Newport Beach, USA), Rodrigo GUIMARAES (Brazil)
15:30 - 15:40 #17650 - a491-2 Interplay of focal radiation therapy with targeted cellular therapy in glioblastoma.
a491-2 Interplay of focal radiation therapy with targeted cellular therapy in glioblastoma.

INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary adult brain tumor and carries a devastating prognosis. We have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies offer a new treatment paradigm for therapy delivery; however, it is unknown if radiosurgery can promote or inhibit MSC activity.

AIMS: Study the modulatory effect of single-dose, focused ionizing radiation (IR) on MSC migratory patterns.

METHODS AND RESULTS: To confirm IR-induced cytotoxicity, MTT assay of the radiated patient-derived glioblastoma brain tumor initiating cells (BTICS) showed decreased viability after 2 Gy, 8 Gy and 20 Gy IR at 48 hours and further (p=0.006). MSCs were transduced with an iRFP lentiviral vector, and ex vivo implantation of MSCs was carried out on organotypic slices of normal mouse brain to evaluate engraftment and migration in the setting of IR delivery, groups of 0 Gy, 2 Gy, 5 Gy and 10 Gy were compared via confocal microscopy using 3D time lapse, daily qualitative evaluation of migratory patterns showed a trend to longer migratory distances with increasing dose of IR compared to control.

Additionally, to assess IR effects on MSC migration, transwell assays were performed, in quadruplicate, using conditioned media from radiated patient-derived glioblastoma BTICs; after 12 hours incubation, migration was assessed by directly counting DAPI-labeled nuclei via fluorescence microscopy. Reduced MSC transwell migration was found after 10 Gy IR compared to the control, 2 Gy IR and 5 Gy IR groups (p=0.008, p=0.002, and p=0.010, respectively). Finally, in an in vivo murine model, IR to orthotopic glioblastoma tumor, followed by intracardiac injection of MSC, resulted in MSC homing in irradiated and non-irradiated tumor.

CONCLUSION: MSC migration to BTIC-conditioned media decreases when BTICs are exposed to high dose IR in vitro, and migration of MSCs seems to likewise follow a positive relationship with the delivery of IR on an ex vivo, and in vivo mouse model. This suggests that radiosurgery could ‘prime’ the tumor microenvironment if delivered prior to MSC delivery. Further efforts to synergize IR with the MSC payload are underway.


Daniel TRIFILETTI (Jacksonville, USA), Henry RUIZ-GARCIA, Rachel SARABIA ESTRADA, Hugo GUERRERO-CAZARES, Anna HARRELL, Sujan MONDAL, Keila ALVARADO-ESTRADA, Alfredo QUINONES-HINOJOSA
15:40 - 15:50 #17678 - a491-3 Bioengineering TRAIL for synergy with focal irradiation in glioblastoma.
a491-3 Bioengineering TRAIL for synergy with focal irradiation in glioblastoma.

INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary adult brain tumor. We have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies offer a new treatment paradigm for therapy delivery; however, the ideal payload has not been identified. We believe that TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a cancer cell-death triggering protein, could synergize with current existing therapies, including focal irradiation.

AIMS: Design and produce a regulable expression vector for exploring the boosting effect of glioblastoma focal radiation priming on TRAIL-secreting MSC therapy.

METHODS AND RESULTS: To study the synergy of focal radiation and TRAIL therapy, 8 Gy of ionizing radiation was delivery to an in vitro patient-derived GBM model. TRAIL receptors levels (DR4 & DR5) increased at 48 hours after irradiation when compared to non-irradiated GBM using RT-qPCR (p<0.01). Thereafter, we designed a secretable version of TRAIL aiming to enable MSCs TRAIL secretion.  The original gene was modified by adding a novel tag to assure its secretion to the extracellular compartment. We also included a tetracycline-inducible TRAIL expression system to allow for on-demand TRAIL release, increasing the safety of the protein secretion. Structural and functional validation was carried, and TRAIL protein was proven on the conditioned media. To generate stable MSCs able to secrete TRAIL, a lentiviral vector was produced and successfully tested on three different primary adipose MSC cell lines. Further work is being carried out to test the final synergism of radiation, MSC and TRAIL therapies. 

CONCLUSION: We have showed that GBM TRAIL receptors increase after 48 hours of focal radiation and that TRAIL-secreting MSCs can be bioengineered for possible synergy with radiation. Consequently, appropriate use of modern radiation delivery techniques such as SRS could possess a boosting effect on targeted cellular therapies. Our novel TRAIL-secreting adipose MSCs will help allow us to further study this system.


Henry RUIZ-GARCIA, Natanael ZARCO, Virginea DE ARAUJO-FARIAS, Anna HARRELL, Hugo GUERRERO-CAZARES, Rachel SARABIA ESTRADA, Alfredo QUINONES-HINOJOSA, Daniel TRIFILETTI (Jacksonville, USA)
15:50 - 16:00 #17657 - a491-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery in combination with high-dose methotrexate as a first-line treatment for primary central nervous system lymphoma: a single institution experience.
a491-4 Stereotactic radiosurgery in combination with high-dose methotrexate as a first-line treatment for primary central nervous system lymphoma: a single institution experience.

Objective: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare cancer accounting for less than 4% of primary brain and central nervous system tumors. High-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) is the gold standard for newly diagnosed PCNSL. However, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may be efficacious as a co-adjuvant treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of HD-MTX in combination with SRS in the treatment of PCNSL.

Methods: This is a prospective, observational cohort study evaluating the treatment of histologically confirmed PCNSL with HD-MTX in a dose of 3.5 g/m2 and treatment with HD-MTX, plus SRS. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed. Primary outcomes were measured by survival rate. Secondary outcomes were assessed by the tumor's responsiveness to treatment and reduction in size as noted on imaging, the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), the activities of daily living (ADL) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE).

Results: Between January 2010 and January 2018, 82 cases were evaluated. Included in this evaluation were 44 chemotherapy and 38 chemotherapy, plus SRS, patients. The follow-up period was 12 to 96 months (mean: 54.8 months). Patients were treated with SRS prescription doses ranging from 12 Gy to 16 Gy (median: 14 Gy). The median survival rate from initial diagnosis was 38.4 months in the chemotherapy group and 52.6 in the chemotherapy, plus SRS, group (p-value: 0.005). All lesions showed a complete response after SRS when evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging after one to three weeks (mean range: 2.2 weeks). No significant side effects related to SRS were observed. During follow-up period, the good ADL preservation was achieved for 22.4 months from SRS. Patients with KPS >90 at SRS demonstrated longer ADL preservation (36 months from SRS). No significant difference in MMSE between two groups was found.

Conclusions: SRS in combination with HD-MTX as a first-line treatment provided better prognosis and not worse neurocognition state. This noninvasive treatment modality should be considered as an option for patients with PCNSL. A newly registered study (SRS-PCNSL*) is underway.

*SRS-PCNSL: Upfront Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Combination with Methotrexate Based Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma 


Hao LONG (Guangzhou, China)
16:00 - 16:10 #18092 - a491-6 Fractionated Radiosurgery plus Check Point Blockade is a Novel Paradigm for Treating Glioblastoma Multiforme.
a491-6 Fractionated Radiosurgery plus Check Point Blockade is a Novel Paradigm for Treating Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Purpose: We have shown that fractionated radiosurgery (fSRS) with simultaneous differential dosing of 32 Gy (to enhancing tumor) and 24 Gy (to flair abnormality) in 4 fractions improved the local control of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM).  Although immunotherapy improved outcome in many tumor types, CHECKMATE 143 showed no benefit of adding checkpoint inhibitors to the standard GBM treatment. We carried out experiments to develop a new strategy of in-situ vaccination effect against the local tumor by fSRS combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor. 

Materials and Method: Orthotopic GL261 glioma cells implanted to the forebrain in immunocompetent B57 mice. The tumor diameter becomes 2-3 mm on day 10 post-implantation. Total of 46 tumor-bearing mice were randomized to treatment groups of 1) untreated control, 2) anti-PD-1 (aPD1) mouse nivolumab 10 mg/kg i.p. on days 10, 12, and 14 post-implantation, 3) RS 10 Gy on day 10 post-implantation, and 4) combination of RS and aPD1. Survival time was measured. The brains at time points of 11, 15, 30 days, and death. The whole brain samples were prepared for multiplex IHC, flow cytometry, and western blot and gene expression assay by RNA extraction to examine the dynamics in immune effector cells and the signatures. The mice were imaged with 9.4 Tesla MRI scan to measure the tumor size and to identify the predictive imaging markers.

Results: Median survival time was 22.5 days in untreated control, 30 days by aPD1 monotherapy, and 36 days RS 10 Gy alone. After RS and aPD-1 together, the median survival was not reached up to 60 days with 75% of mice being alive with a complete pathological response at the end of the study duration. IHC and gene expression arrays showed that tumor growth by itself induced a dramatic increase in both the CD8+ T-cells and tumor-infiltrating phagocytic cells, associated with increased INF-γ level in the tumor tissue and serum, and elevated expression of CD86 (a marker of dendritic cells/macrophages). Therapy with aPD1 alone did not cause any significant change.  All these increases were completely abrogated by 10 Gy radiation. However, CD8+ cells and CD86 were increased again by the combined RS and aPD1. The expression of IFN-γ was sustained in the mice that were cured of the tumor. MRI scan showed increased permeability and T2 kurtosis parameter in the responders.

Conclusion: Combined RS and aPD1 significantly improved GBM tumor control and survival. CD8+ and CD86+ cells play a major role with increased INF-γ level. The findings indicate that the local anti-tumor immune response against GBM may be a unique mechanism, distinct from the abscopal (distant) effects.


Samuel RYU (Stony Brook, NY, USA), Alex STESSIN, Mariano CLAUSI, Timothy DUONG, Stella TSIRKA

15:30-16:20
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B491
Oral Session
PITUITARY TUMORS

Oral Session
PITUITARY TUMORS

Moderators: Gustavo ADOLPHO (Brazil), Benjamin JONKER (Neurosurgeon) (Sydney, Australia), Manoel PAIVA (NEUROSURGEON/CHIEF DEPARTMENT) (SAO PAULO, Brazil)
15:30 - 15:40 #17659 - a491-1 Follow-up studies of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
a491-1 Follow-up studies of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for non-functioning pituitary adenomas.

OBJECTIVE

  The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term clinical outcomes of Gamma Knife surgery(GKS) for non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) and the role of GKS in the management of NFPAs. 

 METHODS  

Between January 2000 and December 2010,204 patients with residual or recurrent NFPAs after surgery undergoing GKS were enrolled in this study.The median age of the patients was 48 years old (mean 48 years,range 14 to 79 years).The median tumor volume was 3.3 ml (mean 5.2 ml, range 0.326.4 ml).The median margin dose was 14Gy (mean 14 Gy,918Gy).The median maximum dose was 31Gy (mean 30Gy,2040Gy).The median duration of follow up was 86 months (mean 88 months,range 12-213 months).

Duaring the same period,52 patients with NFPAs without prior surgery undergoing GKS were enrolled in this study.The mean age of the patients was 55 years old.The mean tumor volume was 5.0 ml.The mean margin dose was 14Gy.The mean maximum dose was 31Gy.The mean duration of follow up was 41 months.

 RESULTS

Of these 204 patients with adjuvant GKS,the latest follow-up MR imaging studies demonstrated tumor regression in 102 patients(50%),tumor stable in 81 patients(40%),and tumor enlargement in 21 patients(10%).The tumor control rate of this cohort was 90%.37 patients(18%) developed new onset hypopituitarism.5 patients(2.5%) presented new or worsening visual dysfunction without tumor growth.

Of these 52 patients with primary GKS,the latest follow-up MR imaging studies demonstrated that the tumor control rate of this cohort was 88%.5 patients(10%) developed new onset hypopituitarism.6 patients(12%) presented worsening visual dysfunction all due to tumor growth.

CONCLUSION  

GKS provided a high tumor control and low complication rate for NFPAs.We recommended that early GKS should be considered the routine adjuvant treatment for residual NFPAs after subtotal surgical resection.


Shibin SUN (Beijing, China)
15:40 - 15:50 #17665 - a491-2 Long-term outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.
a491-2 Long-term outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Purpose: We evaluated the treatment results of gamma knife radiosurgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Material and methods: Between January 1994 and December 2014, we treated and followed up 134 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. All the tumors were treated by neurosurgery prior to radiosurgery, 3 patients (2.2%) received conventional radiation therapy before radiosurgery. Tumor volume ranged from 0.27 to 15.1 ml (median: 2.17 ml). Radiosurgical dose ranged from 8 to 16 Gy (median: 12 Gy) for the tumor margin. The median follow-up was 9 years (1 to 22 years).

Results: Tumor growth control rate was 95% at 5-years, 94% at 10-years and 91% at 15 years. 3 patients (2.2%) suffered out-of filed recurrences. The actuarial endocriopathy needed hormonal replacement therapy was 4% at 5-years, 7% at 10-years and 15% at 15 years. 3 patients (2.2%) suffered the permanent cranial neuropathy. The suprasellar extension was significant factors of poor tumor control (p=0.049) and high incidence of endocrinopathy (p=0.014). Cystic enlargement was occurred in 8%, but all lesions were decreased or unchanged in size during follow-up periods. New cranial neuropthy was occurred 2.2% during 42 to 144 months after radiosurgery.

Conclusion: Gamma knife radiosurgery is very useful for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in the standpoint of long-term tumor growth control. We recommend early adjuvant radiosurgery for the residual tumor after enough tumor debulking or regrowth after surgery.


Yoshiaysu IWAI (Osaka, Japan), Kenichi ISHIBASHI, Kazuhiro YAMANAKA
15:50 - 16:00 #17697 - a491-3 Plasticity of the visual cortex to visual pathway injuries before and after SRS of suprasellar tumors.
a491-3 Plasticity of the visual cortex to visual pathway injuries before and after SRS of suprasellar tumors.

Objectives:

To demonstrate that lesions of the visual pathways due to suprasellar tumors are accompanied by alterations of the visual cortex and to see if these alterations are reversible after treatment of tumors by Gamma Knife radiosurgery.

Methods:

In 36 patients with perioptic tumors and defects of their visual fields and in an age-matched control group, magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after Gamma Knife radiosurgery. T1 weighted images were evaluated by voxel-based morphometry and correlated to the degree of visual field defects.

Results:

In patients, grey matter density and cortical thickness were reduced in all parts of the occipital cortex, reaching significance (p<0.05) in the left superior and middle occipital gyri, with correlation to visual field defects. Follow-up scans showed further reduction in all occipital areas.

Conclusions:

As in other peripheral lesions of the optic system, damage of the optic nerves, chiasm and tracts due to compression by suprasellar tumors affects the visual cortex and induces a reduction of grey matter density which - in contrast to some clinical recuperation - does not recuperate after successful Gamma Knife radiosurgery. However, a follow-up study in a prospective design including only patients without previous operations, which might have injured these structures in an irreversible way, is needed to confirm this conclusion or show under which conditions exceptional recuperations of the visual cortex are possible. In addition, the unexpected finding of a more general affection of cortical thickness in patients with pituitary tumors could be looked into more closely in order to identify and possibly prevent any predisposing factors.


Herwin SPECKTER (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), Jairo SANTANA, Jose BIDO, Giancarlo HERNANDEZ, Diones RIVERA, Luis SUAZO, Santiago VALENZUELA, Peter STOETER
16:00 - 16:10 #17888 - a491-4 Gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with Crooke’s cell adenoma.
a491-4 Gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with Crooke’s cell adenoma.

Background: Crooke’s cell adenoma, which is known to be clinically aggressive, is a very rare subtype of pituitary neoplasm. They could secreting adreno-corticotropic hormone or endocrinologically silent. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for this subtype of adenoma is extremely rare. We aim to evaluate the effect of GKRS on endocrine remission and tumor control.

Patients and methods: A total of seven patients (3M/4F, median age at GKRS, 54 years, range, 21 to 65 years) with a pathology-confirmed Crooke’s cell adenoma treated with GKRS at University of Virginia Gamma Knife Center constituted this study. The median time interval between TSR and GKRS was 3 months. The median margin dose was 25Gy (range, 18Gy to 25Gy). Median treated adenoma volume was 3.12cc. The median follow-up was 74 months (range, 54 to 120 months).

Results: The tumor control was achieved in all patients. All but one achieved endocrine remission. The median time interval to cortisol normalization off of anti-hormone secreting medication was 9 months (range, 0 to 24 months). Newly developed or worsening endocrinopathy occurred in 3 patients at the time interval of 6, 15, and 18 months, respectively. The CN III neuropathy developed in 1 patient. Two patients required bilateral adrenalectomy at 44 months and 50 months following GKRS, respectively.

Conclusion: This study suggests that Crooke’s cell adenoma is truly an aggressive entity. GKRS represents a safe and effective treatment option. Large number of patients from a multicenter study is warranted to further elucidate the effectiveness of GKRS. A multimodality treatment in this patient cohort is necessary.


Zhiyuan XU (Charlottesville, USA), David SCHLESINGER, Sheehan JASON

15:30-16:20
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C491
Oral Session
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA #2

Oral Session
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA #2

Moderators: Yuri ANDRADE SOUZA (Brazil), Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Randy JENSEN (Professor) (Salt Lake City, USA)
15:30 - 15:40 #17545 - c491-1 Efficiency Index comparison of linac-based and Gamma Knife-based radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma treatment plans.
c491-1 Efficiency Index comparison of linac-based and Gamma Knife-based radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma treatment plans.

Background: The Efficiency Index (EI) was recently proposed as a plan quality descriptor for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) plans, combining conformity, gradient and mean dose to the target in a single value (EI=Intergal DoseTV / Integral Dose50%PIV) 1. It has theoretical limits between 0-100%, and the values achieved clinically have been quantified to range from 37.7% to 58.0 (mean: 49.0%) for a group of 100 Gamma Knife (GK) plans.

Methods: This study aims to compare the achieved EIs between two similar groups of linac-based and GK-based SRS plans with a scope of assessing the utility of this index in linac-based SRS. A group of 20 consecutive vestibular schwannoma treatments with useful hearing were collected from each platform database making a total of 40 plans. The average target volumes were 2.77 and 2.18cc for linac and GK respectively. The linac plans included a 1mm treatment margin in the target volume whereas the GK plans did not. Linac cases were treated with a Varian TrueBeam, micro-MLC collimator single isocentre VMAT technique. GK cases were treated with an Elekta Perfexion using multiple isocentres.

Results: The average EIs achieved were 39.8% (range: 23.5-52.8%) and 51.3% (range: 36.4-56.7%) for linac and GK plans respectively. In both groups a higher score was seen with improvements in conformity and gradient. The differences in EIs seen between the two groups are attributed to differences in conformity (Mean Conformity Index: 0.87 vs 0.88), differences in gradient (Mean Gradient Index: 3.69 vs 2.71) and differences in mean dose to the target (15.5 vs 17.3 Gy). A trend for lower EIs was observed in smaller target volumes, mainly due to the poor gradients achieved in these plans.

Conclusion: The EI is a useful metric for both linac and GK plan quality assessment, and its score increases with improvements to qualities that are considered clinically relevant.

1.         Dimitriadis A, Paddick I: A novel index for assessing treatment plan quality in stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 129:118–124, 2018


Alexis DIMITRIADIS (London, Austria), Hany ATTALLAH, Ronald BEANEY, Ian PADDICK
15:40 - 15:50 #17691 - c491-2 Radiomic: prediction of acoustic neuroma response to the cyberknife treatment.
c491-2 Radiomic: prediction of acoustic neuroma response to the cyberknife treatment.

Aim: The aim of the study was to use a radiomic approach to evaluate the possibility to predict the response of an acoustic neuroma to Cyberknife® radiotherapy analyzing pre-treatment MR images. Materials:  38 patients presenting an acoustic neuroma treated with Cyberknife® at our institute were selected. Comparing the pre and post-radiotherapy images , acquired after at least 2 years, the radiotherapist divided the patients according to the volumetric treatment outcome (stability, reduction, increasement). This classification was used by the machine learning algorithm as a reference value. All images were acquired on two 1.5T machines with contrast enhanced T1-weighted sequences in axial plane. Semi-automatic tumor segmentation was carried out by a radiotherapist  on MR images using the level tracing effect of the 3DSlicer image analysis software.  After the segmentation a resampling step was done to harmonize the images acquired on the scanners. Sequentially, 1135 shape-based, intensity-based and texture-based features were extracted using IBEX, an open software infrastructure platform. An evolutionary machine learning algorithm (a TWIST system based on KNN algorithm) was used to subdivide the dataset into training and test set and select features yielding the maximal amount of information. After the features extraction, a predictive model based on a training-testing crossover procedure was developed. The best neural network obtained was a 2-layers feed forward back propagation algorithm with 37 input variables containing the maximal amount of information.
Results: The neural network was used twice inverting the training/testing set. In the first analysis the sensitivity was 71.43%, while the specificity was 100%, with a global accuracy of 85.71%. In the second analysis the sensitivity was 83.33% and the specificity 88.24%, with a global accuracy of 85.78%. The mean value of the global accuracy was 85.75%.
Conclusions: The obtained results show that Machine Learning coupled with Radiomics has a great potential in distinguishing, before radiosurgery,  patients with volume reduction from patients without.


Isa BOSSI ZANETTI (Milano, Italy), Natascha Claudia D'AMICO, Enzo GROSSI, Giovanni VALBUSA, Deborah FAZZINI, Achille BERGANTIN, Irene REDAELLI, Anna Stefania MARTINOTTI, Cecilia IEZZONI, Giuseppe SCOTTI, Laura FARISELLI, Sergio PAPA, Giancarlo BELTRAMO
15:50 - 16:00 #17854 - c491-3 Short-term volumetric tumor response as predictor for long-term tumor control after Gamma Knife radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma.
c491-3 Short-term volumetric tumor response as predictor for long-term tumor control after Gamma Knife radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma.

Introduction

Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is an effective treatment strategy for vestibular schwannomas (VSs), obtaining long-term tumor control rates of 90%. Currently, predicting long-term tumor control is not possible, making lifelong follow-up mandatory and prospective studies on tumor control difficult to conduct. Therefore, predicting tumor control at earlier stages would be beneficial. We explored the predictability of long-term tumor control employing short-term volumetric tumor responses.

Methods

All VS patients with minimum follow-up of 3 years were included. Tumor volumes were obtained from follow-up MRIs. Tumor volume reduction (TVR) was calculated at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months following GKRS. Correlations between TVRs and long-term tumor control were evaluated.

Results

We included 795 patients, of which 96 showed loss of tumor control. The median follow-up time was 61 months. TVRs at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were based on MRIs from 186, 693, 541 and 399 patients, respectively. Cox regression analyses indicate that TVRs at 6, 24 and 36 months are significantly related to tumor control, indicating a proportional correlation. Kaplan-Meier analyses, when stratifying the cohort in 4 groups based on the TVRs, confirmed this relation: tumors with pronounced TVRs in the first years following GKRS had significantly lower risks of treatment failure, as compared to increasing tumors. For example, if tumor volumes were stable or decreasing between 6 and 24 months after GKRS, loss of long-term tumor control was observed rarely compared to tumors with increasing volumes in this follow-up period: 5-year tumor control probabilities are 97.5% and 67.1%, and the 10-year probabilities are 92.0% and 67.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

Results from this research clearly indicate that TVRs at 6, 24 and 36 months following treatment are predictive for long-term tumor control in GKRS-treated VS. These findings can help in determining an individual follow-up schedule for VS patients and make prospective studies on long-term tumor control more feasible.


Patrick LANGENHUIZEN (Tilburg, The Netherlands), Svetlana ZINGER, Sieger LEENSTRA, Patrick HANSSENS, Peter DE WITH, Jeroen VERHEUL
16:00 - 16:10 #17864 - c491-4 Role Of Bevacizumab As A Prophylactic And Rehabilitative Treatment Modality In Cases Of Sporadic And Syndromic Vestibular Schwannoma: Fifty Shades Of Grey.
c491-4 Role Of Bevacizumab As A Prophylactic And Rehabilitative Treatment Modality In Cases Of Sporadic And Syndromic Vestibular Schwannoma: Fifty Shades Of Grey.

Objectives:

Detection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) in young patient demands specific attention considering it’s relatively aggressive course and natural

history of the disease. Patients with syndromic variants such as neurofirbromatosis type 2 (NF2) suffer from multiple tumors including bilateral VS,

meningioma, ependymomas, and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Such patients may suffer from unprecedented complications following radio

surgical treatment such as poor tumor control and functional outcome.

Methods:

Authors describe their own experience with Bevacizumab as a preventive and rehabilitative treatment option in two such patients who suffered from

complications of radiosurgery in the immediate post-procedure period. Literature is reviewed for the indications, dosage, safety profile, and

complications profile on short and long-term of Bevacizumab in vestibular schwannomas.

Results:

One middle-aged patient of sporadic vestibular schwannoma suffered rapid onset facial paresis within one month of GKRS. After a failed attempt

with steroids, the patient regained partial improvement following Bevacizumab treatment. Another young female of phenotypic NF2 syndrome

suffered rapid onset hearing deficit within two weeks of GKRS, which improved to pre GKRS level with the early introduction of Bevacizumab.

Bevacizumab has shown its efficacy both as a prophylactic and rehabilitative treatment modality for syndromic patients of VS.

Conclusions:

Though not a wonder drug, Bevacizumab is a valuable adjunct in crossroad situations. It has a proven role as a prophylactic treatment option to

retard the growth of VS and spinal ependymomas with no role on meningiomas. As a rehabilitative treatment option, Bevacizumab may be used in

steroid-resistant cases to prevent radiosurgery-induced complications. Long-term studies are warranted to confirm the dosing schedules, regimens,

and complication profile.


Manjul TRIPATHI (Chandigarh, India)
16:10 - 16:20 #17646 - c491-5 Observation or stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed vestibular schwannomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
c491-5 Observation or stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed vestibular schwannomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Vestibular schwannomas are benign tumors with a slow growth rate. There exists controversy regarding whether patients should receive upfront observation, radiotherapy including SRS or FSRT, or surgery at the time of diagnosis. For patients declining resection, this systematic review evaluates the risks and benefits between observation and SRS upon diagnosis of VS.

Methods: Published studies on VS were systematically reviewed for clinical series including patients with newly/recently diagnosed unilateral VS. Studies that included patients with previous treatment for the VS or focused on patients with neurofibromatosis were excluded. Review articles and systematic reviews were excluded but reviewed for relevant references that would otherwise meet search criteria.

Results: Most patients electing observation underwent their first surveillance scan 6 months after initial      diagnosis. Follow up was similar for patients receiving radiosurgery. Observation alone conferred a radiographic tumor control rate of 65% and serviceable hearing in 71.3% by the end of the follow up period in the reviewed studies, and 34% of patients initially opting for observation ultimately opted for treatment. The follow up period varied between studies. Initial radiosurgery resulted in a tumor control rate of 97% and serviceable hearing rate of 73.8% at by the end of the follow up period. Radiosurgery resulted in improved tumor control at the end of the follow up period (p < 0.0001), and serviceable hearing did not statistically differ (p = 0.69).

Conclusion: Based on the available published data, observation after initial diagnosis is appropriate for many patients with VS without symptomatic brainstem compression. However, initial observation does risk early progressive hearing dysfunction if the tumor grows and patients with serviceable hearing at diagnosis may benefit from early therapy. Long term follow up is critical, and an algorithm to better risk-stratify patients with newly diagnosed VS is underway.


Janet LEON, Eric LEHRER, Jennifer PETERSON, Laura VALLOW, Henry RUIZ-GARCIA, Austin HADLEY, Steven HERCHKO, Larry LUNDY, Kaisorn CHAICHANA, Prasanna VIBHUTE, Jason SHEEHAN, Daniel TRIFILETTI (Jacksonville, USA)

16:20 - 17:00 COFFEE BREAK - POSTERS & EXHIBITION
17:00
17:00-17:45
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A493
ISRS GENERAL ASSEMBLY

ISRS GENERAL ASSEMBLY

17:00-18:00
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C493
REDE D'OR SPONSORED SESSION

REDE D'OR SPONSORED SESSION

17:00 - 18:00 Moderator. Karina MOUTINHO (neurosurgery) (Partenaire: SILVER PARTNERS, Santa Paula, Brazil)
17:00 - 17:20 The Challenges of Radiosurgery in Brain Metastases. Felipe ERLICH (Radiation Oncologist) (Partenaire: SILVER PARTNERS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
17:20 - 17:40 The Challenges of Radiosurgery in treatment of oligometastatic disease. Allisson Barcelos BORGES (Radiation Oncologist) (Partenaire: SILVER PARTNERS, Brasilia-DF, Brazil)
17:40 - 18:00 The Oncologia D’Or Changing the Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery Scenario. Karina MOUTINHO (neurosurgery) (Partenaire: SILVER PARTNERS, Santa Paula, Brazil)

17:45
20:00 - 23:30 CONGRESS DINNER - Casa Das Canoas, Tijuca Forest - (Upon Registration)
Thursday 13 June
Time Segovia Plenary Segovia Break Out El Pardo I
07:30
07:30-09:00
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A51
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IMAGING

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IMAGING

Moderators: Xiao FUREN (Neurosurgeon) (Taipei, Taiwan), Paulo OPPITZ (Neurosurgeon) (Porto Alegre, Brazil), Georges SINCLAIR (Consultant Clinical Oncologist) (Reading, UK, United Kingdom)
07:30 - 07:50 Novel MRI Sequences for SRS. Herwin SPECKTER (Mr.) (Speaker, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic)
07:50 - 08:10 Functional images for behavior disorders. Ricardo DE OLIVEIRA (Speaker, Brazil)
08:10 - 08:30 #17884 - a51-3 Integrated Stereotactic Diffusion Tensor Tractography for Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery.
a51-3 Integrated Stereotactic Diffusion Tensor Tractography for Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Objectives:

Integration of modern neuroimaging techniques into treatment planning has increased the therapeutic potential and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery. We report our experience over the past three years with integrating Stereotactically acquired Diffusion Tensor Tractography (DTI) into treatment planning for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in patients with a variety of pathology in eloquent intracranial locations.

Methods:

Our study cohort comprised of 115 patients who underwent 122 Gamma Knife radiosurgical treatments at our centre.
32 Channel DTI at 1.5 T & 3T was performed at the time of standard treatment GK Protocol MR T1 & T2) imaging. DTI images were post processed with commercial software using a deterministic protocol. Generated Tracts were imported into Gamma plan to aid shot planning & perform dosimetry on vulnerable white matter tracts. Tailored & 3T sequences wer alos evaluated.

Results:

Stereotactic diffusion tensor tractography was successful in generating the appropriate ADC, FA & DEC sequences. Tractography provided additional useful clinical information for treatment planning. In patients with cerebral oligo-metastatic disease requiring multiple treatments, clinical & radiological response correlated well with preservation or improvement in adjacent tract volumes. One patient with a mesial temporal AVM developed delayed worsening of a pre-existing hemianopia & another with AVM required steroids for cerebral swelling. no other neurological deficits due to radiation were recorded at follow-up

Conclusions:

 Tractographyi is a useful technique for preventing complications in stereotactic radiosurgery by reducing radiation doses to functional organs at risk, including critical cortical areas and subcortical white matter tracts. Tractography use in SRS can further increase our knowledge of critical cerebral structure radiation tolerances. Stereotactic Tractography is a useful technique to improve the therapeutic potential and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery. 


Cormac GAVIN (London, United Kingdom), H. Ian SABIN
08:30 - 08:50 Review of MR Pulse Sequences for SRS/SBRT: What Does Each Provide. Stephen HOLMES (Imaging Consultant and Conference Organizer) (Speaker, honolulu, USA)

07:30-09:00
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B51
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
ATYPICAL MENINGIOMAS

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
ATYPICAL MENINGIOMAS

Moderators: Andrey GOLANOV (Chief of the Department) (Moscow, Russia), Carlos MATTOZO (NEUROSURGEON, MD.) (CURITIBA, Brazil), Gelareh ZADEH (Radiosurgery) (Toronto, Canada)
07:30 - 07:45 #17896 - b51-1 A tentative strategy to management of atypical or WHO I meningiomas with high grade MIB-Ki67.
b51-1 A tentative strategy to management of atypical or WHO I meningiomas with high grade MIB-Ki67.

The efficacy of radiosurgery in the control of WHO I meningioma growth has been demonstrated both as up-front strategy and as the primary salvage therapy following surgical incomplete removal. (Santacroce et al. 2012)
Some lesions however are failing radiosurgery in a pattern closely resembling Atypical meningioma. Historically atypical meningiomas undergo conventional radiotherapy following on or multiple attempts at surgical removal. The long-term efficacy of radiotherapy in controlling the growth of meningiomas above grade I has historically been poor.
We have analyzed the meningiomas in our series of radiosurgically treated meningiomas who had failed surgery or radiosurgery or both and as a rule recognized (as also Mukhopadhyay et al. (2017) a Ki-67 labeling index equal or above 3%. In other words: some WHO I meningiomas behaved, in regard to recurrence, in a very similar way to the more aggressive atypical variants albeit missing the invasive, necrotic features of the higher grades.
We have then tried in both groups a strategy of re-operation (whenever feasible in order to reduce the target tissue volume) followed by:
•in 60 patients (2004-2018) a course of conventional radiotherapy (25 Fractions of 180cGy, Tot. 45Gy) followed after 12-15 days by a radiosurgical boost (10-14Gy). Results: 26 controlled at 3yrs F-U and 14 failed (at any time in the course of F-U)
•in 60 small size WHO I lesions (1995-2018) only radiosurgery at a higher dose than customary (21-16Gy). Results: 19 controlled at 3yrs F-U and 18 failed (at any time in the course of F-U)
Evaluation of this complex subpopulations of meningioma patients requires longer F-U times and careful analysis of the local and distant recurrence events.


Enrico MOTTI (LUGO, Italy), Enrico GIUGNI, Laura VENTRELLA, Federico RAMPA, Floranna MAURO
07:45 - 08:15 Prognostic Tools. Isaac YANG (Associate Professor) (Speaker, Los Angeles, USA)
08:15 - 08:30 Clinical Results. Randy JENSEN (Professor) (Speaker, Salt Lake City, USA)
08:30 - 09:00 Improving the Treatment Paradigm of Atypical Meningiomas. Carlos MATTOZO (NEUROSURGEON, MD.) (Speaker, CURITIBA, Brazil)

07:30-09:00
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C51
BREAKFAST SEMINAR
HOT TOPICS

BREAKFAST SEMINAR
HOT TOPICS

Moderators: Yuri ANDRADE SOUZA (Brazil), David JAFFRAY (Reviewer) (Houston, USA), Christian VARGAS (Peru)
07:30 - 07:50 The Prescription Dose Debate. Gennady NEYMAN (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Cleveland, USA)
07:50 - 08:10 The Case for Margins. Andrea GIRARDI (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Brussels, Belgium)
08:10 - 08:30 The Case against Margins. David SCHLESINGER (Medical Physics) (Speaker, Charlottesville, VA, USA, USA)
08:30 - 08:50 Dose fall-off characterization of isocentric and non-isocentric brain radiosurgery. David SCHLESINGER (Medical Physics) (Speaker, Charlottesville, VA, USA, USA)

09:00
09:00-09:40
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A52
PLENARY SESSION
SPECIAL GUESTS LECTURE

PLENARY SESSION
SPECIAL GUESTS LECTURE

Moderators: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (London, United Kingdom)
09:00 - 09:20 What does the market has to teach us? The experience of a MD, PhD who lead R&D at multibillion dollar company. Luiz Eugenio MELLO
09:20 - 09:40 Challenges of Big Data and the Promises of Artificial Intelligence. David JAFFRAY (Reviewer) (Speaker, Houston, USA)

09:40
09:40-10:00
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A53
SPECIAL LECTURE
FABRIKANT LECTURE

SPECIAL LECTURE
FABRIKANT LECTURE

Moderators: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (London, United Kingdom)
09:40 - 10:00 Fabrikant lecture. John ADLER (neurosurgery) (Speaker, San Francisco, USA)

09:40-10:00
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B53
Flash Oral Session
PHYSICS: HOT TOPICS

Flash Oral Session
PHYSICS: HOT TOPICS

Moderators: Guilherme BULGRAEN DOS SANTOS (Brazil), Alexis DIMITRIADIS (Physicist) (London, Austria), Thiago SCHMELING (Master Student) (RECIFE, Brazil)
09:40 - 09:50 #17801 - B53-1 Comparison of planning techniques for single-isocenter multiple-target stereotactic radiosurgery.
Comparison of planning techniques for single-isocenter multiple-target stereotactic radiosurgery.

The purpose of this project is to compare treatment planning techniques that use a single isocenter to treat multiple brain metastases. We want to determine if volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) or dynamic conformal arc (DCA) therapy is the better method to treat multiple mets patients using a single isocenter. We also want to know if using U-frame or frameless masks provide better plan quality. DCA plans were created for each of the 40 single-isocenter patients who received VMAT at Duke Hospital from 2016-2018. These patients were randomly selected based only on the number of metastases, from 2 to 14. We created the DCA plans using 5 couch positions, 2 collimator angles, and 100-degree arcs on BrainLab Elements. We modeled U-frame and frameless masks using 100-degree and 180-degree arcs, respectively. The clinical VMAT plans delivered to the 40 patients had an average conformity index of 1.47 and average gradient index of 8.57. Average whole-brain V3Gy and V5Gy were 14.07% and 5.80%, respectively. In comparison, using DCA the conformity index was 1.75 and the gradient index was 6.87. Whole-brain V3Gy and V5Gy were 11.25% and 5.59%, respectively. The frameless mask plans had conformity and gradient indexes of 1.68 and 6.39 and V3Gy and V5Gy of 11.39% and 5.09%, respectively. Overall, VMAT plans had higher conformity index with lower gradient index at the cost of healthy brain protection compared to DCA. Frameless masks also increased the conformity index and decreased the gradient index with minimal impact on low doses to the brain.


Andrew BALLESIO (Durham, USA), Zhiheng WANG
09:46 - 09:52 #17807 - B53-2 MRI only radiotherapy planning for brain metastases with Varian’s HyperArc SRS system.
B53-2 MRI only radiotherapy planning for brain metastases with Varian’s HyperArc SRS system.

Purpose or Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of MRI only non-coplanar radiotherapy planning with Varian’s HyperArc SRS treatment by comparison with CT planning.

Materials and methods: Radiotherapy plans for ten patients, previously treated with HyperArc, for cranial metastases in a single fraction were recalculated on diagnostic MRI scans. Target volumes varied in size from 1cc to 11.4cc, with a mean size of 4.4cc. The MRI scans were registered, by rigid registration, to the treatment planning CT. Brain, body, bones and PTV were outlined in the MRI scans and assigned representative bulk HU values based on the sample of patients. Brain was assigned 37HU and Bone to 787HU, all other tissue is assigned 0 HU.  Treatment plans were recalculated using the Eclipse Treatment Planning System v15.1 [Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA] and the superposition/convolution Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm v15.05.07.

Comparisons were made between the original CT plan, CT_Bulk with; bone, brain and water bulk assigned, MRI_Bulk with; bone, brain and water bulk assigned and MRI_Water with the entire MRI scan assigned to 0 HU, irrespective of anatomy. Water Equivalent Depth (WED) to the geometric centre of PTV was also measured to determine the significance of bulk assigning densities.

Treatment plans were compared by D99%, Dmax, Gradient Index (V40/V80), V100%, dose to OARs and V12Gy to brain.

Results: Fitting a line to WED values for CT and MRI_Bulk gives a goodness of fit R-squared value of 0.9259, indicating strong correlation. The gradient of this line, 0.89, indicates that MRI_Bulk is displaying reduced HU to the original CT.

Average change in D99% is 0.1%, 0.9% and 2.4% and average change in DMax is 0.1%, 1.1% and 3.1% for CT_Bulk, MRI_Bulk and MRI_Water respectively. There is no significant change in Gradient Index, V100% or V12Gy to brain.

Conclusion: Bulk assigment of HU to voxels in MRI scans results in relatively shorter WEDs in comparison to CT but does not have a significantly detrimental effect on plan quality. MRI only planning with HyperArc, using bulk assignment of HU, is possible and calculated doses to PTV and OARs and plan quality metrics are similar to those on an uncorrected CT. Further work may incorporate monte-carlo style dose calculation algorithms to characterise CT-MRI planning discrepancies when modelling material properties.


Peter HOUSTON, Westley INGRAM, Suzy CURRIE (Glasgow, United Kingdom)
09:52 - 09:58 #17873 - B53-3 Radiosurgery of brain metastases using a linear accelerator (SRS-Cones vs. VMAT).
B53-3 Radiosurgery of brain metastases using a linear accelerator (SRS-Cones vs. VMAT).

Stereotactic treatment of brain metastases with high single exposures (~20 Gy) lead to high local tumour control. At the Institute for Radiation Oncology in Klagenfurt a Versa HD accelerator (Elekta) with Agility-MLC and stereotactic cones (SRS-Cones) is used for single fraction irradiation of small volumes in the brain. The Agility-MLC has the ability to create 5x5 mm2 fields at the isocentre. SRS-Cones are mounted onto the accelerator head. The collimation of the beam is closer to the patient. This leads to a smaller penumbra compared to MLC-only collimation. The objective of this research was to see if and at which target volume the Agility-MLC will reach similar results compared to SRS-Cones. Retrospectively for 20 patients 4 spherical target volumes for the cone diameter (5, 10, 15 and 20) mm were created (TV5, TV10, TV15, und TV20). For each target volume treatment plans using SRS-cones and VMAT were calculated with the TPS Monaco 5.11 using 6 MeV FFF photons. 4 arcs were used for each plan, which considered size and position of the target volumes by adapting table- and arc angle. Attention was paid to make sure that no beam was irradiating through the eyes. The beam setups were kept the same for Cone- and VMAT-plans. For the Cone-plans maximum dose was set to 25 Gy. VMAT-plans were scaled to D99% = 20 Gy. All plans were analysed by their dose distribution and comparison of their dose-volume-histograms. Special attention was paid to the 12 and 10 Gy isodose volumes, as they are an important basis for medical decision if single fraction radiation is feasible. Also RTOG and Paddick conformity index (CIRTOG und CIP) and Paddick gradient index (GIP) were calculated for each plan. Analyses of the 160 plans showed that all plans calculated with the SRS-Cones outclass the VMAT-plans. Due to the smaller penumbra of the Cones the low dose volume was clearly reduced. All plans (VMAT and Cone) were within the given criteria for Paddick conformity (0.9 to 1) and gradient index, although GIP for VMATs was higher than for Cones. While all Cone-plans met the criteria for coverage and low dose volumes, 50 % of VMAT-plans for the TV20 failed the requirement for V10Gy (< 14 cm3) and 85 % failed the V12Gy criteria (< 10 cm3). The study showed that the difference between Cones and VMAT decreases while target size increases. Still for 20 mm targets, Cones outclass VMAT.


Andrea SCHMOELZER (Klagenfurt, Austria), Andreas GMOSER, Christine ORASCH, Wolfgang RAUNIK

10:00 - 10:30 COFFEE BREAK - POSTERS & EXHIBITION
10:30
10:30-11:00
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A55
PLENARY SESSION
CONGRESS SUMMARY I

PLENARY SESSION
CONGRESS SUMMARY I

Moderators: Gilberto FONSECA (Brazil), Randy JENSEN (Professor) (Salt Lake City, USA), Isaac YANG (Associate Professor) (Los Angeles, USA)
10:30 - 10:40 ISRS 2019 Review: Malignant Tumors. Samuel CHAO (Radiation Oncologist) (Speaker, Cleveland, OH, USA)
10:40 - 10:50 ISRS 2019 Review: Vascular Disorders. Gus BEUTE (Neurosurgeon) (Speaker, Tilburg, The Netherlands)
10:50 - 11:00 ISRS 2019 Review: Benign Tumors. Michael SCHULDER (Vice Chair, Neurosurgery) (Speaker, Lake Success, NY, USA)

11:00
11:00-11:40
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A56
PLENARY SESSION
CONGRESS SUMMARY II

PLENARY SESSION
CONGRESS SUMMARY II

Moderators: Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Alessandra GORGULHO (Director) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Jean SABATIER (MD, PhD) (Toulouse, France)
11:00 - 11:10 ISRS 2019 Review: FUNCTIONAL RADIOSURGERY. Jean REGIS (PROFESSEUR) (Speaker, MARSEILLE, France)
11:10 - 11:20 ISRS 2019 Review: Immunotherapy + SRS. Jonathan KNISELY (Faculty) (Speaker, New York, USA)
11:20 - 11:30 ISRS 2019 Review: Extracranial SRS/SRT. Rupesh KOTECHA (Radiation Oncologist and Chief of Radiosurgery) (Speaker, Miami, USA)
11:30 - 11:40 ISRS 2019 Review: Physics. Steven GOETSCH (Medical Physicist) (Speaker, Solana Beach, USA)

11:40
11:40-12:00
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A57
PLENARY SESSION
SRS/SBRT CLINICAL TRIALS OVERVIEW

PLENARY SESSION
SRS/SBRT CLINICAL TRIALS OVERVIEW

Moderator: Dennis SHRIEVE (Professor and Chair) (NY, USA)
11:40 - 11:50 International Radiosurgery Research Foundation (IRRF). Gene BARNETT (neurosurgery) (Speaker, Cleveland, USA)
11:50 - 12:00 Clinical Trials for Oligometastatic Disease: A Scientific Path Forward. Rupesh KOTECHA (Radiation Oncologist and Chief of Radiosurgery) (Speaker, Miami, USA)

12:00
12:00-13:05
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A58
CLOSING SESSION & AWARDS CEREMONY

CLOSING SESSION & AWARDS CEREMONY

Moderators: Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (SÃO PAULO, Brazil), Laura FARISELLI (director) (milan, Italy), Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (London, United Kingdom)
12:00 - 12:10 ISRS Educational Courses. Mikhail CHERNOV (Assistant Professor) (Speaker, Tokyo, Japan)
12:10 - 12:20 ISRS: Past, Present and Future. Ian PADDICK (Consultant Physicist) (Speaker, London, United Kingdom)
12:20 - 12:40 Young Investigator Award & Young Professional Award. Laura FARISELLI (director) (Speaker, milan, Italy)
12:40 - 12:50 Best Poster Award. Marc LEVIVIER (Chef de Service) (Speaker, Lausanne, Switzerland)
12:50 - 12:55 2021 Congress Introduction. Matthew FOOTE (Deputy Director / Co-Director) (Speaker, Brisbane, Australia)
12:55 - 13:05 Final Remarks. Antonio DE SALLES (Professor - Chief) (Speaker, SÃO PAULO, Brazil)